Tetralogy Of Fallot

Falls are one of the major patient safety problems that every facility encounter on a day to day basis. An aging patient population, combined with multiple diagnosis and medications are prime contributing factors for patient fall. Other contributing factors are shortage of nursing and auxiliary staff, ineffective work environment and shortage of appropriate equipment. According to the Joint Commission around 30-50 percent of the falls happening in the hospitals have resulted in injury to the patients. Since Joint Commission started keeping records of fall from 1995 to 2012, it has been reported that there were 659 fall related death or permanent disability, which were voluntarily reported as a

One of the most common surgeries performed on babies is called Esophageal Atresia/Tracheoesophageal Fistula. That is just the medical term for when a baby is born with a defect in their esophagus and trachea and needs to have it repaired. About 90% of babies are born with this condition. It occurs in 1 in 3,000 to 5,000 newborns. The good thing is that since it happens so frequently, the survival rate is almost 100%. The most rarest condition is ectopia cordis. That is when a baby is born with their heart outside of their chest. Ectopia Cordis occurs 8 per one million live births. The survival rate is very low. 90% of the babies are either stillborn or pass away within the first week of being out of the womb.

In a normal human being the heart correctly functions by the blood first entering through the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava. This blood flow continues through the right atrioventricular valve into the right ventricle. The right ventricle contracts forcing the pulmonary valve to open leading blood flow through the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary trunk. Blood is then distributed from the right and left pulmonary arteries to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is unloaded and oxygen is loaded into the blood. The blood is returned from the lungs to the left

A ventricular septal defect or VSD is a heart defect. It’s congenital, this means that a baby is born with it. It is an opening or hole in the dividing wall called the Septum, between the two lower chambers of the heart, right and left ventricles. Ventricular septal defects are the most common type of congenital heart defects. A VSD allows oxygen-rich blood to pass from the left ventricle through the opening in the septum. Then it mixes with oxygen-poor blood in the right ventricle. There are different types of ventricular septal defects, the type your child has depends on which part of the wall between the ventricles is involved. Also the size of the opening or hole varies. A ventricular septal defect may occur more often in some families, this is because of gene defects. But most of the time, the cause is unknown. Similarly to ventricular septal defect, an Atrial septal defect is a birth defect of the heart in which there is also a hole in the wall in the septum, but instead of dividing the lower chambers it divides the upper chambers of the heart (atria), here a hole can vary in size and may close on its own or may require surgery as well. An atrial septal defect is one type of congenital heart defect, in which also the baby is born with it.

Although first case of Down syndrome was reported in early 1866 by John Langdon Down but

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Dr. Arantza Manzanal explains how takotsubo was initially described “as a syndrome of reversible LV dysfunction with wall-motion abnormalities that involve the apical and midventricular segments” (57). Dr. Paolo Angelini rationalizes that “only during the last 2 decades have Japanese authors specifically categorized transient takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) as an entity in itself. Before that time, TTC was often called “acute myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries” (312). We will

Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is a rare, complex congenital heart defect. It occurs in about five out of every 10,000 babies. When babies are born with ToF, they have four different heart problems:

Atrial septal defect is a hole in the wall, or septum, that divides the upper chambers of the heart, which are called atria. Usually most children who develop ASP are fine because the hole either repairs itself or is too small to cause any trouble later on in life. If the septum is flawed, oxygen deficient blood can flow directly from the right side of the heart and combine with oxygen-rich blood in the left side of the heart, or vice versa. Therefore oxygen levels in the arterial blood that supplies the body to be lower than normal due to this case. Every person had a hole in the septum to allow blood from the right atrium to enter the left atrium as a child which seals after birth due to the pressure drop on the right

The incidence of PDA is approximately 0.02 to 0.04 percent in term infants and 20 to 60 percent in preterm neonates. Patent ductus arteriosus accounts for six to eleven percent of all congenital heart defects. PDA is found twice as often in females than in males (Shinde, Basantwani, & Tendolkar, 2016). The incidence of PDA is increased in children who are born prematurely, children with a history of perinatal asphyxia, and, possibly, children born at high altitude. Up to 30 percent low birth infants develop PDA (Kim, 2016).

Tricuspid atresia is treated from birth and involve a combination of operations within the first two years of life. Initially a cardia catheterization procedure is done to evaluate the defects. Then generally 3 operations are done, including a Blalock-Taussig shunt, Glenn Shunt (done at 4-6 months of age) which replaces the initial shunt, and finally a Fontan procedure (done at 2-3 years of age) which forms a second that directs blood from the inferior vena cava to the right pulmonary artery. The Glenn shunt is left in place. Aortic Valve Stenosis is a heart defect that is either congenital or acquired. The disease itself can be described basically as the inability of the valve to open completely. Atrial Septal defect is caused by an opening the atrial septum, there are 2 ways it can be caused, including a congenital cause, or the hole that is present in the heart of every fetus is not properly closed at the postnatal stage. Coarctation of the aorta is the narrowing of the aorta and is a congenital disease. It can occur anywhere in the aorta however most often is found in the segment just after the aortic arch. Patent Ductus Arteriosus is usually found a

Echocardiography is the initial diagnostic modality for a patient with suspected congenital heart disease. In some patients, however, use of this modality is encumbered by its limited ability to delineate great arteries and intra cardiac anomalies, pulmonary veins, and coronary arteries. (7)

Therefore, we sustain the opinion that, in this kind of lesions the common denominator is a congenital dysplasia and propose the term rhabdomyomatous dysplasia for this kind of lesions in the heart.

Atrial Septal Defect is a common and interesting disorder. Atrial Septal Defect is mostly know as “a hole in the heart.” This disorder is birth defect. It can happen to male, female, adult, and kids. This disorder mostly happens to kids and infant. Atrial Septal Defect is when there is a hole in your heart that doesn’t allow oxygen to flow through. This can causes difficulty breathing, heart murmur, and e.t.c... There three different types of level. These level are called ostium secundum, ostium primum, and sinus venosus. The most severe level is ostium secundum which is the true atrial septal. Then is ostium primum, and last sinus venosus. This genetic disorder is typically diagnosed by noticing .symptoms.

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), one of the more common cardiac defects at birth, is the persistence of an opening between the pulmonary artery and the descending thoracic aorta. This opening is as a result of failure of the physiological fetus ductus arteriosus to close, which normally occurs soon after birth. This hole allows for oxygenated blood from the aorta to mix with oxygen-depleted blood from the pulmonary artery. As a consequence, significant strain is placed on the heart and pressure within the lungs’ arteries is dramatically increased.