Thalassemia is a blood disorder transferred through families. It occurs when the body makes less

The next test is the Hemoglobinopathy evaluation. This test finds unusual forms or abnormal amount of hemoglobin in the red blood cell protein. Every newborn in the U.S. is required to have this test to test for sickle cell.

The first type of anemia is macrocytic-normochromic. Macrocytic-Normochromic anemia occurs when large stem cells derive into erythrocytes. The erythrocytes are problematic because they also end up being large in thickness and volume. This type of anemia is considered normochromic because the hemoglobin remains its normal size. Macrocytic anemia will happen if DNA is synthesized incorrectly. The DNA synthesizes incorrectly due to a deficiency in either vitamin B12 of folic acid. If there is a deficiency in vitamin B12 then it is considered pernicious anemia, and if there is a deficiency in folic acid then it is considered folate deficiency anemia. The enlarged erythrocytes die off

There are several different types of anemia. Some of those are hemorrhagic, iron-deficiency, aplastic, and pernicious. Pernicious anemia is a type of anemia due to a vitamin B-12 deficiency and

Sickle cell: One of the first inherited diseases to be unraveled at the level of DNA was sickle-cell anemia which is defined as abnormal, crescent-shaped red blood cells that results from a single change in the amino acid sequence of the cell's hemoglobin, which causes the cell to contort, especially under low-oxygen conditions. (medical dictionary, 2017) Also, called drepanocyte, meniscocyte. Also, this blood disorder mostly affects Africans and natives of the Mediterranean region are those who are affected by malaria. A single mutation in the gene for the blood protein hemoglobin can affect its ability to transport oxygen around the body. People who inherit two copies of the same mutation, one from each parent, have severe symptoms.

Iron deficiency anemia, one of the most common types of anemia, is a blood disorder where

This happens when an affected parent has one recessive gene and one dominant gene whereas the other has two recessive genes, which allows two children to get two recessive genes meaning they will not be affected. Whereas the other two have one dominant gene meaning they will be affected by the disease.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is an inherited blood disease which causes normal, round, healthy red blood cells to transform into sickle-shaped cells. Normal red blood cells are flexible and can easily pass through capillaries to bring oxygen to different parts of the body. However, sickle cells are fragile, and can easily die, leading to anemia (red blood cell deficiency). SCA can also cause blood vessel occlusion (blockage of blood vessels), tissue infarctions (death due to lack of oxygen), bone, joint, and abdominal pain, yellow eyes and skin, pale skin, delayed growth, increased risk of infections, and damage to organs. The disease is passed on by autosomal recessive inheritance, which means both parents of a child must have the defective gene for the child to be affected. If only one gene is inherited, the victim becomes a carrier of the sickle cell trait, producing only some sickle cells with little or no symptoms. This means two people with the trait have a 25% chance of having a baby with sickle cell disease, 25% chance of them having no defects, and 50% chance of the baby becoming a carrier as well. When the gene is inherited, it mutates the beta (β) globin gene in chromosome 11, changing the hemoglobins produced using instructions from the gene from a healthy hemoglobin A (Hb A) to a mutated hemoglobin S (Hb S). Many tests can be done to check for sickle cell disease, the most common being an ordinary blood test, where the blood is examined for hemoglobin S. If the

The Sickle Cell gene needs to be inhered from both of the parents; otherwise the individual will only carry the Sickle Cell trait. If the sickle cell trait is carried by an individual they can be asymptomatic. This individual can, however, transfer the gene abnormality to any offspring that they have. Sickle Cell Anemia is the most common form of sickle cell disease. It is also the most severe form of the disease. One variation of sickle cell anemia is hemoglobin SC disease and is one of the more common variations. Many times it manifests with a lesser degree of hemolytic anemia (1).

Diagnosis of this disease is done by blood test. Prenatal screening and Newborn screenings include test for sickle cell anemia. Other tests that can be performed include: Complete Blood Count, blood smear, isoelectric focusing, high-performance liquid chromatography, DNA analysis, sickle solubility, and Hemoglobin electrophoresis. Only HbB0 can be found on an electrophoresis (Maakaron MD, 2014). Because children with SCA are at a higher risk of infections and other health problems, early diagnosis and treatment are essential.

Sickle cell anemia is a blood disorder that happen very commonly in the African descent.

Screening test, newborn screening and prenatal screening. The doctors can give a blood test to check for Hemoglobin S. Hemoglobin S is the defective form of hemoglobin that underlies sickle cell anemia. In order for a diagnosis to be confirmed they take a sample of blood and examine it under a microscope to check for sickle cells. If you have the disease they do a blood test for anemia.

These anomalies can happen when each parent passes down heredity chromosomes to offspring, in which the mutated gene is present. Chromosome 11 controls the subunit for beta globin. Sickle cell anaemia modifies chromosome 11 as a result of the alteration of the 6th position in the normal beta chain (refer to figure 2). This mutation causes the amino acid, glutamic acid, to be replaced with valine, which causes the sickle cell disorder. This base change alters the biconvex structure of the haemoglobin (red blood cells) to a crescent shape at low oxygen levels. These unnatural crescent-shaped haemoglobin can easily cause blockages in small blood vessels and arteries, which stops or slows the flow of blood to nearby tissues. Depending on if one or two beta globin are affected by the mutation, the afflicted can either be an autosomal heterozygous carrier (one beta globin) or homozygous recessive (two beta globin).

The disease I choose to talk about is Sickle Cell anemia, which is a blood disease that is prevalent among the African American race. This disease is interesting to me because it is a hereditary disease, so it can only be contracted if your parents have the disease. Sickle Cell anemia is caused by abnormal hemoglobin, the red blood cells in your body contain two vital hemoglobin molecules, a protein that carries the oxygen through your blood to travel throughout the body. People with sickle cell anemia, they have two copies of abnormal hemoglobin referred to as hemoglobin S. The molecule is what causes the problems within the red blood cells, rendering them unable to properly complete the process of carrying oxygen where it needs to go.

What is Sickle Cell Anemia? Sickle Cell disease is a blood disorder that is inherited. By inherited I mean passed down from parents to their children. Babies are usually born with sickle cell disease. When they inherit two abnormal genes, one from each parent. Abnormal genes cause the body’s red blood cells to change shape. This being the effect of having sickle cell disease.

Sickle Cell Trait hereditary pattern is autosomal recessive. Meaning two copies of Sickle Cell Trait must be present for the disease to be expressed. People who inherited a single copy of Sickle Cell Trait express no disease and live normal lives. Both copies of Sickle Cell Trait cause a SNP mutation in the Hemoglobin Beta Gene, located on chromosome 11q15. A single thymine molecule gets replaced by a adenine molecule. This single molecule mutation causes the person to produce mutated Beta-Globin. Beta-Globin is an essential piece of of the protein Hemoglobin, a single Hemoglobin protein is comprised of two Beta-Globins and two Alpha