RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The ability of Pleurotus citrinopleatus and Aspergillus niger exposed to two doses of gamma irradiation (1 and 2 KGy) and immobilized on wheat straw to decolorize the dyes had been studied. Table 2 shows peaks of wavelengths of different types of dyes before and after decolorization. Peaks of reactive red 6 BX, direct brown BN, direct yellow 5 G, disperse orange 2RLS, disperse violet 3RS, sulpher black Br and sulpher brown SG were at 295, 240, 400, 444, 499, 220 and 250nm were disappeared respectively after decolorization with tested fungi.
Table 2: Wave lengths (λ) of different tested dyes
Dyes
λ max (nm)
Bofore decolorization
After decolorization
Reactive red 6 BX
295, 545
545
Direct Brown BN
390, 240
390
Direct Yellow 5G
400, 250
250
Disperse Orange 2 RLS
444, 288
288
Disperse Violet 3 RS
499, 281
281
Sulpher Black Br
220, 290
290
Sulpher Brown SG
278, 250
278
Awan et al., (2011) reported that Aspergillus niger is a potent producer of many industrially important enzymes and may genetically be improved by exposure to gamma rays. The mutants recovered after treatment by gamma rays were found to be effective producers of enzymes (Awan et al., 2011). Mutagenesis of Aspergillus niger by using chemicals has been reported earlier to improve many industrially important enzymes and other products. The cells of Aspergillus niger were subjected to mutagenesis by ultraviolet irradiation, resulting in 45.4% activity of cellulase (Junwei and Shuyun, 1988). Non
The Uptake of Neutral red dye by saccharomyces cerevisiae in the presence of a metabolic inhibitor
The hypothesis that an increase in algae concentration when exposed to light would increase the rate of photosynthesis in diluted indicator solution was supported by the results of this investigation. As Table 1. Indicates the pH levels and absorbance (AU) increased in respects to an increase in algae concentration when the algae was exposed to light. However when an equal amount of algae concentration was not exposed to light the absorbance and pH levels of the algae was lower, therefore indicating that light and algae concentration increased the rate of photosynthesis in algae. Figure 1. also demonstrates that the mean absorbance of algae increased with an increase of pH levels and therefore increased the rate of photosynthesis occurring in the algae.
Generally treatment processes are classified as physical, chemical or biological. Physical treatment process includes physical extraction of dyes by adsorption [8], membrane filtration [9] and ion-exchange. However, extracted dyes not be recovered, high cost and yet requirement of another process to degrade dyes makes these processes unsustainable. Chemical methods as Chemical Oxidation [10], Ozonization [11] and Electrochemical degradations are uneconomical and unfavorable for the environment. Biological methods are based on anaerobiotic or aerobiotic, microbial culture. But purely anaerobic digestion of azo-dye produces carcinogenic aromatic amine and aerobic deterioration alone is not able to degrade all dyes, also result in high amounts of sludge [12-14]. Sequential application of anaerobic followed by aerobic degradation has been providing a solution with the advantage of economic, reliable and ecological benefits [15,16].
The purpose of this lab was to observe bacterial mutagenesis of E. Coli by ultraviolet (UV) induced mutation, and observe these mutations with the use of DNA isolation techniques and gel electrophoresis vs. a control. A mutation is the changing in sequence of nucleic acids (1). When restriction endonucleases are added to DNA, the enzyme will read the certain sequence of base pairs that correlate to that enzyme of use, and then will cleave the DNA at the restriction site (2). In mutagenized DNA, the enzyme will be unable to recognize the sequence in which to cut the DNA, and this could be observed with the use of gel electrophoresis by observing the banding patterns of a control vs. the mutagenized (2). The mutagenized may also have less total
The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize two organic dyes then observe their effective dye strength on various synthetic and natural materials. This was achieved by means of chemical reactions outlined below, heat to increase the reaction rate, ice baths to precipitate out the product, vacuum filtration to isolate the product, washing with water and 95% ethanol to purify the product, and dying of the clothe to observe dye effectiveness. The test of the effectiveness of the dye required that the fabric absorb one wavelength and then reflect the opposing color, and then be able to keep the color through basic washing. The presence of the dye on the fabric can be caused by ionic interaction, hydrogen bonding, covalent bonding, or simply
In 1937, Robert Hill isolated chloroplasts and demonstrated that chloroplasts can give off oxygen in the absence of CO2. The presence of an electron acceptor, 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, otherwise known as DCPIP, will turn from a blue color to clear when electrons have been accepted. This artificial electron acceptor intercepts electrons before those electrons reach PS I. Based upon this chemical feat, this will allow for the measurement the absorbance of 600nm wavelength of cuvettes containing free chloroplast reactions at various conditions, such as the effects of uncouplers (Ammonia), herbicides {3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea} (DCMU), light color, and distance from light. Using the isolated chloroplast, sodium chloride buffer, and the artificial electron acceptor, these manipulations will be carried out and the rate of the reaction measured using a spectrophotometer. The results expressed both the uncoupler and herbicide decrease reaction rate, 30 cm away from a 60 watt light bulb is prime for fast reaction rate, and green light demonstrated the fastest reaction rate.
The effects of temperature on fungal amylase Aspergillus oryzae, and bacterial amylase, Bacillus licheniformis ability to break down starch into maltose was studied. The study determined the optimal temperature the Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus licheniformis was able to break down the fastest. The starch catalysis was monitored by an Iodine test, a substance that turns blue-black in the presence of starch. Amylase catabolizes starch polymers into smaller subunits. Most organisms use the saccharide as a food source and to store energy (Lab Manual, 51). The test tubes were labeled with a different temperature (0°C, 25°C, 55°C, 85°C). Each test tube was placed in its respective water baths for five minutes. After the equilibration process, starch was placed in the first row of the first row of the spot plate. Iodine was then added to the row revealing a blue black color. The starch was then added to the amylase. After every two minute section a pipette was used to transfer the starch-amylase solution to place three drops of the solution into the spot plate row under the corresponding temperature. Iodine drops was placed in the row. Color changes were noted and recorded. The results showed Aspergillus oryzae was found to have an optimal temperature between 25°C and 55°C and Bacillus licheniformis was found to have an
This experiment has shown that enzymes must have some environmental conditions present to function properly and achieve the highest rate of reaction. With this information, people can successfully perform experiments using enzymes in the industries by making sure that the environmental conditions present are optimum for the enzyme in the reaction so that maximum yield can be obtained.
It has been used for centuries to colour certain foods and fibres. More recently, the development of the chemical Sodium Hypochlorite, also known as household bleach, has been utilized to decolour materials. The reaction between the two is shown.
Alpha-Amylase activity varied considerable from our initial hypothesis. In regards to temperature our data shows that optimal maltose production occurs at higher temperatures, while lower temperatures show a decrease in production. Specifically, the data shows that the optimal temperature appears to be at 100⁰C or at least in between 65⁰C and 100⁰C. This trend is seen for all three amylase samples. Results from other experiments using A. oryzae, B.licheniformis, porcine alpha-amylase show slightly different results. B. Licheniformis activity has been shown to be optimal at 37 ⁰C (Dibu, 2002). Aspergillus oryzae has also shown to be at its optimal activity at a temperature of 35⁰C (Ragunathan, 2005). Finally, the porcine alpha-amylase results we gathered shows that the optimal temperature is at 65⁰C, which is confirmed by studies
To deduce if UV Radiation induced a mutation in the DNA of Serratia Marcescens and prevented the production of the red pigment called Prodigiosin.
Fungi are a group of organisms that receive nutrition by absorbing it directly from the environment into cells. All fungi are eukaryotic, which means they possess membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, vacuoles and nuclei for example. Some fungi consist of a single cell, similarly to bacterial cells, but the majority are multicellular, consisting of many cells. A multicellular fungus is composed of rapid-growing filaments called hyphae, which are in close contact with the environment, easing the process of absorbing nutrients. Both sexual and asexual reproduction occur in fungi cells. Their interactions with other organisms are either to form beneficial associations, as to share nutrients or help provide nutrients and things that the organisms need to survive, or by causing infections and feeding off of a host to survive and reproduce.
Enzymes are necessary in biological reactions as they lower activation energies and in turn catalyze the reaction. Enzymes are studied to help understand the composition and chemical properties as to why they work the way they do. However, in order to be studied, enzymes must first be purified. Over the course of the next few weeks, different procedures will be completed in order to purify cellobiase from button mushrooms.
This experiment was performed to demonstrate how varying temperatures affects the activity of the enzyme, amylase. Also, it was conducted to determine the optimal temperature for the fungal, Aspergillus oryzae, and bacterial amylases by placing them both into different test tubes with differing temperature conditions. At varying time intervals, both enzymes were removed from their assigned temperatures. A drop of each enzyme will then be placed on two different spot plates with a pipette. All the wells on the spot plates contain three drops of iodine to clearly show whether a reaction has taken place. The pipette was used to mix the iodine with the starch enzyme to organize the levels of starch catabolism based on temperature. At the end of
For lab 12, it is hypothesized that chlorophylls a and b are present in a plant leaf and contribute to the starch production in photosynthesis. Also, products of photosynthesis will be present in leaf tissue exposed to red and blue light wavelengths for several days, but a decreased presence in leaf tissue exposed to green and black light wavelengths. In lab 13, it is expected that since chlorophylls a and b are more polar and smaller molecules than the anthyocyanins and carotenoids, they will travel higher up the chromatography paper than the other pigments.