Essay on The Action of Ans-Related Drugs on Smooth Muscle

Rat ileum agonist concentration-response relationship experiment 001004296 Abstract: This experiment involved testing the result of applying different concentrations of carbachol to a rat ileum that was in Tyrode’s solution to create an isotonic environment. Carbachol is an agonist that will interact with a receptor to cause a biological response because of the agonist changing the state of the receptor. Receptors are directly involved with chemical signalling so when the agonist carbachol changes the shape of the receptor a chemical signal takes place causing a biological response.

When the tissue was immersed in calcium free solution and stimulated with Ach via the PMC pathway, a small contraction (1.15g) was observed compared to the baseline contraction trace (6.37g). Contraction recovered when the bathing solution was changed back to normal Krebs (5.63g). For the next stimulus, K+-depolarising solution, the baseline control produced a force of 6.17g in normal Krebs solution. When calcium free K+-depolarising solution was used to stimulate the tissue in calcium free solution, via the EMC pathway, the tissue barely contracted at 0.09g. In the second experiment, verapamil was added to the bathing solution. When the tissue was stimulated by Ach in the presence of verapamil, it

4. Describe the hormonal control of the secretion of bile and pancreatic juice during the digestive process.

1. Recall that Jim's heart and respiratory rate are increased, he was sweating and that his mouth was dry before the raise began. Explain what is happening to his autonomic nervous system (including which division is the most active) and specify exactly how those ANS responses are creating the symptoms noted. What changes do you think are occurring in the digestive and urinary systems at this time? (8 points)

In order to complete this exercise, two different procedures were conducted; one measured the basal heart rate, and the other measured the drug-induced heart rate. A sample 's basal heart rate can be defined as the “resting” heart rate. This is when no drugs or altering substances are applied. In comparison, the drug-induced heart rate of a sample can be defined as the heart rate after the drug was administered to the surrounding environment. The four drugs tested on the Daphnia specimens were Acetylcholine, Caffeine,

The results in Figure 2. show that increasing the stimulus strength (V) from 0 to o.40V will result in an increase of Active Muscle force generated by the gastrocnemius muscle in the Buffo Marinus, confirming the hypothesis. The force generated plateaus when the stimulus is beyond o.40V.

Atropine showed the only a minor increase in amplitude and period. The BPM was the detected as increase up to 30 seconds then a drop back down to 44, then the heart rate shot back up to 48 before recovering.

The control of gastric secretions happens when the secretion of the gastric juice by the stomach is stimulated by both of the nerves and the hormones. There are three phases in which this happens;

The halothane anaesthetic binded with the RyR1 receptor at the depolarization process where the RyR1 receptor released abnormally large amount of calcium, leading to continuous muscle contraction and the excessive production of heat. The affected ryanodine receptor of the skeletal muscle induces calcium exit from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the skeletal muscle, consequently accelerating biochemical reactions which cause severe muscle contractions and elevates the metabolic rate, resulting in respiratory and metabolic acidosis. The binding of the anesthetic to the receptor overwhelms the body’s ability to supply oxygen. Uncontrolled calcium release triggered by the binding of halothane anaesthetic, causes excessive muscle contractions and

Describe the role of the parasympathetic nervous system relative to digestive movements. The PNS is responsible for stimulating digestion by increasing blood flow to the digestive tract. The PNS stimulates salivary gland secretion and increases peristalsis. This increases the

Methaqualone, is also referred to as Disco Biscuits, Down And Dirties, Jekyll-and-Hyde, Joe Fridays, Lemmon 714, Lemons, Lennon's, Lovers, Ludes, Mandies, Mandrake, Q, Qua, Quack, Quad, Quaaludes, Soaper, Supper, Vitamin Q, The Love Drug, Wallbangers, Whore Pills, and Sopor. This list of street names for the drug goes on and on.

Once stimulated by the chemoreceptor trigger zone, the integrative vomiting centre coordinates the activation of all the nearby neural structures required to produce the multifaceted patterned response that will then lead to the processing and action of vomiting. The integrative vomiting centre coordinates the various inputs to the motor component of the emetic reflex, consisting of both somatic and autonomic systems, as the reflex involves both voluntary and involuntary processes. The abdominal and respiratory musculature, and visceral components involved in mediating changes in gastric motility and gastric tone are controlled by somatic pathways, while the autonomic pathways control sweating, salivation and pallidity of the skin. The activation of autonomic pathways plays a role in the intensity and duration of the nausea that accompanies emesis, as opposed to the actual action of vomiting (myVMC,

is an involuntary restriction of food. The hypothesis suggests that the cycle of food restriction at

2. The muscle will produce force for a longer period if the stimulator is briefly turned off than if the stimulations were allowed to continue without interruption. Explain why. Because for the brief time that the stimulation is off the muscle can produce more ATP to supply the contractions with.

 Attach copies of your experimental recordings showing the response of the ileum to the direct addition of noradrenaline and of acetylcholine to the tissue bath.