The Adequacy Of The Theory Of Planned Behaviour

Individuals today lie about hundred times a day, maybe more. Lying is a normal thing in the human mind—but why is it a normal thing. In fact, every individual's conversation they lie about themselves (Meyers). However, Justin Bariso an FBI agent article title “An FBI Agent's 8 Ways to Spot a Liar” introduced that lying is an easy thing to spot, and Justin discuss how there are ways to spot a liar. Bariso states that a liar would ¨open up,¨ and ¨talk quickly,¨ and ¨be repetitive.¨ Lying is a an action because the individual´s embarrassed about the individual's life; therefore, lying can make people protect other from feelings. In the lives of individuals, there are reasons why people lie. Pamela Meyer, in 2011 TED Talk tilted, “How to Spot

The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) developed by Ajzen and Madden (1986) is one of the most extensively used theories explaining the attitude-behaviour relationship (Manstead & Parker, 1995). The TPB has three principal constituents, attitude toward the behaviour, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control (PBC). The relationship of these factors to behaviour is mediated by behavioural intention (Ajzen & Madden, 1986). The first component of the TPB, attitude is defined as, the amount that the behaviour to be performed is positively or negatively evaluated (Ajzen & Madden, 1986). The second

“There is only one sin, only one. And that is theft... When you tell a lie, you steal someone 's right to the truth. When you cheat, you steal the right to fairness... there is no act more wretched than stealing” (Hosseini, 2004). Though this quote by Khaled Hosseini is written concerning a situation in fictional story, The Kite Runner, the words still ring true in our lives. A large portion of our days consists of communication and interactions between one another at work, home, and social groups/events, even though a large part of those interactions are not pure. Lying is becoming more common in individuals of all age groups. In fact, it is estimated that individuals lie 1.65 times per day according to an article written by Gad Saad (2011), but why do we lie so often when we ultimately crave the truth, especially when the truth is a pivotal point in business decisions? In this paper we are going to investigate the types of lies people tell, why they tell them, the repercussions of their actions, and what human resources can do to help diminish this type of communication in the workplace.

It was very difficult to find a theory that directly relates to the concept of adherence. While researching, many articles on adherence showed a direct relation between the Theory of Planned Behavior and adherence. For this reason, the Theory of Planned Behavior will be used as the theory that most directly relates to the concept of adherence. “The theory of planned behavior has been successfully applied to predict adherence behaviors in a variety of health contexts such as sustained efforts to maintain or reduce blood pressure, engaging in exercise based rehab for dizziness, adherence to malaria prophylactics, and adherence to asthma treatments.” (Manning & Bettencourt, 2011, p. 1174). The theory of planned behavior has also been used to assess

Klaver, Lee, and Rose (2008) conducted a laboratory experiment that investigated individual and situational factors and gender and ethnicity, that may contribute to false confessions behaviour and internalization rates. Individual factors include the impact of personality variables and the effects of “compliance, interrogative suggestibility, self-esteem and locus of control” (p.75). While, situational factors include the plausibility of allegations and interrogative technique used.

Muzinic, L. , Kozaric-Kovacic, D. , & Marinic, I. (2016). Psychiatric aspects of normal and pathological lying. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 46, 88-93.

Measuring suicide has developed significantly in the last few decades. Cases are reported more accurately than ever before, yet it is still described as one of the most complex public health concerns. There is no definite pathophysiological explanation of suicide yet, however other models and theories help to interpret the phenomena of this form of self-injury (Chang, 2011).

Boster, F. J., Kim, S. B., & Levine, T. R. (2010). The prevalence of lying in America:

In this report we will cover the importance and use of Transliks Go Card service and how the system around it works to benefit its users. There are some issues that arise with the Go Card such as technical error with tapping on and off that can lead to multiple mishaps. Which will be covered throughout this report, as well as its benefits to commuters and those traveling constantly in general great or small distances using public transport.

The use of deception in psychological studies has been prevalent for many years. In the 1950’s, only around 10% of social psychological involved deceptive methods. This number increased to over 50% in the 1970’s (Gunderman). Psychologists have mostly accepted the use of deception as a necessary evil in order to gain the whole truth. Even though there is benefits to prohibiting deception, the field of psychology would not have valuable data that has been discovered using deception.

Either way, parents who are proactive in their children’s food consumption can vastly improve overall health. Future research can expand on this (Kitzmann et al., 2013) by conducting and measuring the benefits of longitudinal interventions, compared to short-term.

Knowing when to identify when a person is being deceiving or lying to another person is an advantage when living in the world today. Within this paper there will be tactics to spotting certain lies, whether it is through verbally or nonverbally instances. This will be useful if one was hiring a new employee, speaking to their child about problems, confronting their girlfriend or boyfriend about affairs that might be happening, or maybe even dating a new person, having the ability to tell if there is a lie could have life altering consequences. One would also get the policing aspect on how they conduct police interviews and interrogations. Later, I will be discussing the insight of liar and what they are thinking. If one wants to beat the liar, they have to understand why and how the liar is doing their deceitful ways. It would also be to the advantage of the victim of a deceiver to know how liar is deceiving people in human affairs, this will also be covered. The topic will be brought up if “lying” should be considered a criminal offense in certain situations and how to go about that. Sometimes lying can also come from a positive side; the question arises if it is even moral or ethically right to deceive another not only for your own advantage, but maybe for another. A common criminal act that is involved with lying and deceit is crime fraud, it will be discussed how they are linked. Police are not the only profession that needs to determine if people are lying, I will be

The theory of planned behavior applies to breastfeeding serves in the establishment of importance for every single infant and maternal health. They are at a much higher risk of allegedly detrimental social pressure to forgo breastfeeding with the replacement of solely bottle-feeding all-around. Prejudices opposing these practices cause social and psychological barriers by an imaginable isolation for any needs to feed their baby outside. These determinants of initiation as well as continuation of breastfeeding come with a social cost which, unfortunately, devalue their existence in other individuals’ views or assessments. All mothers ought to still be able to feel assured with the purpose of sticking with their imperative decisions in life; however, this is not all the case for some to meet head on. On the whole, the social context for breastfeeding gives the impression of working as quite the challenging in addition to formidable predictor for such behavior.

Behavioral beliefs are beliefs that implementing of a certain behavior will lead to outcomes of a positive or negative attitude. Normative beliefs refer to perception of individual cognitive behavioral on normative social pressure that one should or should not do such behavior. Control beliefs are beliefs of each individual about the presence of factors that may lead to performance of the behavior favorably or unfavorably (Ajzen & Fishbein , 2010). So, applying The Theory of Planned Behavior on smoking is also conducted in turn to predict the attitude, social norms of personal and cognitive control of behavior affecting their intent to performing acts. The 1) attitude of smokers is the confidence of each individual towards the goal is to give

Materials: Participants were asked to distinguish truths from lies in a variety of different situations by attending to any cues that they believed were indicative of deceptive behavior. Specifically, the participants saw 50 video clips of 50 different individuals (23 women and 27 men). 15 of the clips included suspects accused of crimes, like rape, murder, arson, and theft. 11 of the clips consisted of married individuals. 14 clips showed undergraduate and graduate students. The remaining 10 clips consisted of business owners. The individuals in the clips were all different, thus no one individual showed up more than once. The individuals in the video clips were asked to answer questions and were given instruction ahead of time that they could either lie or tell the truth. Only clips where the researcher knew ahead of time were lies or truths were shown to participants. Individuals in the video clips were asked to answer a variety of different questions. Criminals were asked questions about their