The Adipose Promoter 1.4 : Responsible For Driving The Transcription Process

Breast Cancer is a type of cancer where in the breast cells growth are uncontrolled. To enhance our understanding of breast cancer, knowing how any cancer can develop is crucial. Cancer develops as a result of the alteration of the genes, or abnormal changes in the genes accountable for managing the growth of the cells and maintaining their health. In each nucleus, the genes operates as the “control room.” The cells in our bodies replace themselves through a process called cell growth in which the

An effective breast cancer treatment in some women can be traced to the root of the disease. Some of the most aggressive form of breast cancers are caused by a transmembrane receptor protein known as Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) which is a member of the HER family of receptor tyrosine kinase. Approximately 20,000 HER2 receptor are normally expressed on surface of healthy breast cell however, in about 25% of breast cancer cells the HER2 protein is overexpressed resulting in tumour cells with as many as over 2 million receptors present on their surface. This cancer is known as HER2 positive (HER2+). The effect of HER2 overexpression is an increase in receptor mediated intracellular signalling causing the cell

Another factor that contributes to the development of breast cancer is actually the hormone estrogen. This seems unusual because estrogen is a hormone that is essential to the bodies of women in various ways. Estrogen is necessary for normal growth and development of breasts and reproductive organs, as well as for the maintenance of a healthy heart and bones. However, lifetime estrogen exposure may increase a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer. It does not actually produce the mutation in the DNA, nevertheless Estrogen stimulates the proliferation of breast cells that already contain a mutation. These mutated cells will continue to reproduce and have an increased chance of becoming cancerous.

Breast cancer is a popular disease that many people are afraid of. It is the growth of altered genes that create malignant tumors starting in a female or male’s breast tissue. Cancer has a reputation of being caused by hormones, but that may not always be the case. Hormones are chemicals that work as chemical messengers in the body and affect the duties of cells and tissues. The ovaries in premenopausal and postmenopausal women usually produce the hormones, like estrogen and progesterone. The hormone estrogen develops and maintains the female sex features and progesterone have to do with women 's menstrual cycle and pregnancy. In a breast cancer cell, it

“The Breast are considered to be in the reproductive system because they are able to produce milk during childbirth” ("Breast Pictures, Anatomy & Anatomy | Body Maps," 2005). There are many risk factors that increase a woman’s chances of developing breast cancer, but it is not yet known exactly how some of these risk factors cause cells to become cancerous. Some of the few risk factors that are included are taking

In breast cancer, the estrogen-estrogen receptor complex cause cell proliferation (Frank, 2013). Hormone therapies can target the effects of hormones in two ways: 1) by stopping the production of estrogen and testosterone, reducing their levels, and 2) by binding to the hormone receptor and blocking the hormone from binding (Frank, 2013). In breast cancer, drugs such as Lupron “prevent the ovaries from making estrogen by blocking cues from the brain that regulate the ovaries” (Frank, 2013). In prostate cancer, Lupron works the same way to prevent the testes from producing testosterone (Frank, 2013). Drugs such as tamoxifen (breast cancer) and flutamide (prostate cancer) bind to their respective hormone receptors and bloc the hormone from

Today, breast cancer can no longer be seen as one disease but rather a group of diseases. Histological appearance is not the only criteria to classify breast cancer. Biologists and doctors nowadays look at the expression of receptors and gene that promote the growth of cancerous cells to define

Throughout the years, the leading cause of death in both male and females across the globe is cancer. Even though the ordinary human body possesses forty-six chromosomes, cancer can arise from genetic mutations or DNA chromosome damage. Furthermore, cancer is considered one of the deadliest and lethal diseases since cancer cells create malignant tumors within the body leading up to organ failure if cancer cells avoid detection. In females, the leading cause of breast cancer is the level of estrogen in the female body as well as estrogen exposure with the environment. Breast cancer occurs in women since the breasts of a woman are mammary glands surrounded by fatty and fibrous connective tissue. Similar to other body parts, the female breasts

In United Kingdom, breast cancer is the most common cancer. In 2013, there were around 53, 400 cases diagnosed in females and 340 cases diagnosed in males (Cancer Research UK, 2013). The survival rate is five years or more for almost all women with breast cancer diagnosed at an earlier stage, as compared to three in twenty women with breast cancer diagnosed at the latest stage. Breast cancer is the second most common cause of death in females after lung cancer. The risk factors of breast cancer are due to lifestyle and other risk factors. Lifestyle factors include obesity, diet, alcohol consumption and occupational exposures such as ionizing radiation. Other risk factors include age, genetics, oral contraceptives and certain hormone replacement therapy.

A study conducted by Dr. Lineberger of the University of North Carolina on the molecular mechanisms of breast cancer progression noted that, “The development of breast cancer is thought to occur through a multi-step process. The majority of breast cancers

Hormones are chemical messengers that their job is to regulate processes in our bodies. Such hormones as leptin, growth hormone, sex hormone, and insulin are all hormones that have influence on our metabolism, appetite, and our body fat distribution. Leptin is the hormone that is responsible to reduce a person’s appetite by acting on the right spots on the brain to lower the need to eat. This hormone also is the manager of controlling where the body stores fat. Leptin levels are higher in obese people. Another hormone that is produced in the pancreas is insulin and it is important to regulate carbs and the metabolism of fat. (better health, obesity and hormones) Obese people have issues with their insulin where the signals are just lost and their tissues cannot control their glucose levels. This of course leads to type II diabetes. (better health, obesity and hormones) The growth hormone is produced in the pituitary gland. This hormone influences the height of a person and helps build muscle and bone. The growth hormone affects metabolism also. People that are obese have lower levels of the growth hormone in their body than people who are normal weight. Sex hormones, such as estrogen and androgens, are also hormones that play a role in obesity. Studies have shown that a lack of estrogen leads to excessive weight gain. (Better Health, Obesity) Hormone levels are encouraged to be checked for people whom

Like all cancers, breast cancer develops because of defects in the DNA of a single cell. Cancers arise when there is an accumulation of genetic mutations within genes that control cell growth and division or the repair of damaged DNA. This causes damage allowing cells to grow and divide uncontrollably forming a tumour. These mutations are called somatic mutations and are not inherited (GHR, 2007) In addition to these genetic changes researchers have identified many other factors that increase the risk of developing of breast cancer, these were previously mentioned.

The lung cancer cells especially in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are the primary target cells for this study. In addition to the lung cancer cells, the human breast cancer cells and pancreatic cancer cells are selected for the study in order to compare and confirm the similar activities of the gene expression and mechanism that induce these cancers.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) comprise a large family, its having approximately 20–22 nucleotides, and it regulates the expression of target genes at the post-transcriptional level. However, thousands of miRNAs have been identified in many organisms (roundworms, flies, fish, frogs, mammals, flowering plants, mosses, and even viruses) by using genetics, molecular cloning and predictions from bioinformatics technique (Lagos et al., 2001; Lim et al., 2003; Pfeffer et al., 2004; Axtell and Bartel, 2005). The whole human genome encodes at least 474 miRNA genes (Griffiths, 2004; Griffiths et al., 2006), and in human breast cancer there are 133 miRNAs were identified. MiRNAs control messenger RNA expression and which are frequently dysregulated in

Obesity is a major health problem in many countries especially the United States where 36% of adults are obsessed. Though the impact of obesity on diabetes and heart disease is well known, peoples understanding of the impact of obesity on cancer is only just beginning to change. It has been known for several decades that obesity is associated with higher cancer mortality rates, and there are ongoing studies to provide more evidence of the relationship between obesity and cancer. Recent studies from an article titled “Obesity and Adverse Breast Cancer Risk and Outcome: Mechanistic Insights and Strategies for Intervention” by Manuel Picon-Ruiz et al., they demonstrated that overweight, and obesity are associated with higher risks of adenocarcinoma of the