The Advantages Of The Discounted Dividend Model

The dividend policy has grown over the years. This may be so that the company projects itself as a less risky share and thus also gaining investors faith. The investors buy its shares and thus increase its demand. This helps to gives positive signals to the investors signalling that the company is stable and can generate earnings steadily. This hypothesis is gains standing from the dividend hypothesis theory.

The most obvious reason for the difference between the market value of equity and the book value of equity is the inability to record certain intangible assets such as brand value, customer loyalty, and perhaps most importantly, human capital. These intangible assets are likely to provide tremendous earnings growth in the future which determines the company’s market value. Notice also that the company’s choice of conservative accounting policies has the effect of depressing the company’s book value of equity.

The profitability ratio shows the ability for a company to generate profits. Ratios that are used calculating profitability of a company are return on assets and return on equity. The return on assets calculates the ability of a company to effectively use assets to generate income, the percentages per quarter in year one are; 76%, 22%, 34%, 37%. This shows profit during each quarter. In years two, three, and four the percentages are; 68%, 54%, 49%, 38%. These ratios show a slight decline but still a solid profit. The return on equity shows the amount of money earned per dollar investing into the company by shareholders. By quarter, year one return on equity is .81 .61 .28 .29, years two, three and four are all .32. These numbers show an above average return, the average return in the United States is between .10-.15, and over .20 is considered above average (Kennon, 2011.)

The key coefficient in these figures is the coefficient on goodwill. The p-values for the goodwill coefficients in both periods are sufficiently low (.0029 and 0.0008, respectively) to indicate that there is a significant correlation between market capitalization and goodwill. This coefficient goes down from 0.418 in prior-2001 periods to 0.171 in post-2001 periods, indicating that investors have a significant negative reaction to the goodwill impairment that arises from FAS 142, and therefore our second hypothesis is

The third reason would be the book value for per share of common stock. Currently the company has a ratio of 3.30 compared to the previous year of 3.43. The decrease in the ratio denotes the company is in a less favorable status because it illustrates how much the stockholders would receive for their share of stock if the company would

Book Value Per Common Share: measures liquidation at reported amounts by dividing shareholder 's equity applicable to common shares by number of common shares outstanding.

Since the emergence of the so-called irrelevance theorem by Miller and Modigliani (1961), many corporations are puzzled about why some firms pay dividends while others do not. They were the first to study the effect of dividend policy on the market value of firms by assuming that there are no market imperfections. Miller and Modigliani (1961) proposed that divided policy chosen by a firm has no significant relationship in as far as the market valuation of the firm is concerned. They went further to explain that; the shareholders wealth remains unchanged irrespective of how the firm distributes it income because the firms’ value is rather determined by their investment policies and the earning power of its assets. They further stated that the opportunity to earn abnormal returns in the market does not exist, that is, owners are entitled to the normal market returns adjusted for risk.

In practice, dividend policy will be affected by taxes as tax rates for different categories of investors will differ. Also, a firm’s dividend policy is perceived by the financial markets to be a signaling mechanism. A cut back in dividends may signify that the firm perceives tough

In general the three-stage approach allows us to add complexity to the standard dividend discount models by enabling changing growth scenarios throughout the forecasting period: an initial period of higher than normal growth, a transition/consolidation period of declining growth and final a period of stable growth. The main assumptions are that the company on which we conduct the calculation study currently is in extraordinary strong growth phase. The time period with the extraordinary strong growth must be strictly defined and eventually be replaced with the declining growth assumption. Lastly, Capital Expenditures and Depreciation are expected to grow at the same rate as revenues. .

* A number of issues were identified in the analysis of the performance factor calculation. Management attempted to proxy the cost of equity using the bank prime lending rate plus 2%, which is a crude measure that is unlikely to reflect the true risk of the business. If the cost of equity is underestimated, the spread between ROE is inflated and the resulting market value of equity is overestimated.

AASB 138 defines intangible assets as “identifiable non-monetary assets without physical substance”. Such assets include but are not limited to goodwill, trademarks, patents and research and development. AASB 138 Intangible Assets has been implemented to prescribe the accounting treatment for intangible assets that have not been specifically dealt with in any other standard. Therefore, this standard only applies to intangible assets that have not been previously dealt with. Furthermore, it can be established that this standard is an example of normative accounting theories because the standard prescribes what should be done, rather than predicts what people may do. According to AASB 138 Intangible Assets, in order for an asset to be recognised in the financial statements it must meet specific criteria. The required criterion states that the asset must be identifiable, the entity has control of the asset, future economic benefits are probable and the cost of the asset can be measured reliably.

A dividend is a usually distributed in cash form to stock holders of a corporation approved by the board of director. It may also include stock dividend or other forms of payment. A stock dividend represents a distribution of additional shares to common stockholders. Dividends are only cash payments regularly made by corporations to their stockholders.

The methods for valuing companies can be classified in six groups: MAIN VALUATION METHODS BALANCE INCOME MIXED CASH FLOW VALUE OPTIONS SHEET STATEMENT (GOODWILL) DISCOUNTING CREATION .Book value . Multiples Classic Equity cash flow EVA Black and .Adjusted .PER Union of Dividends Economic Scholes . Sales Free cash flow Investment value European profit .Liquidation .P/E EBITDA Accounting Capital cash flow Cash value option value .Other Experts APV added Expand .Substantial multiples Abbreviated CFROI the project value income Delay the others investment Alternative uses 2.1 Balance sheets – Based methods (shareholders’Equity) These methods seek to determine the company’s value by estimating the value of its assets. These are traditionally used methods that consider that a company’s value lies basically in its balance sheet. They determine the value from a static viewpoint, which, therefore, does not take into account the company’s possible future evolution or money’s temporary value. Neither do they take into account other factors that also affect the value such as: the industry’s current situation, human resources or organization problems, contracts, etc. that do not appear in the accounting statements. Some of these methods are the following: Book value, adjusted book value,

3. The actual information needed by the management, investors, creditors etc. may be current values of assets therefore values based upon historical cost may not be useful for their purposes.

On the other hand, Company A has net fixed assets of 19.6%, higher than Company B (14.9%), which probably because Company A has more equipments to support their robust research and development. Intangibles e.g. goodwill for Company B (46.1%) is higher compared to Company A (22.2%) because B focus more on their brand development.