The And Its Effects On Cell Function

You may use the lab manual, pre-lab lectures, and credible internet resources, however you may not use your cell bio lab classmates as a resource. You will most likely see this material again on the Final and I highly encourage you to work individually and seek help from myself or your TA. Plagiarism will result in an automatic zero.

gluconeogenesis slow down in which release of glucose to the blood stream is also slowed down

study has shown that children under the age of eight absorb twice the amount of radiation

Select one (1) article from a magazine or newspaper that has something in it that pertains to biology. This will serve as the “target article” for this assignment. For instance, you can select an article about medicine, invasive species, nature, conservation, genetic technology, ecology, or any other topic that is related to biology. One purpose of this assignment is to help you become aware of how biology is related to your everyday life.

Women who are at the greatest risk are over the age over the age of fifty years of age. Patients with a family history of cancer, especially in their first degree relatives, may have inherited mutations of BRCA1 and/or BRCA2. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genetic mutations that put patients are risk for cancer. Patients that have a history of breast cancer are five times more likely of developing cancer in the opposite breast. Patients with dense breast are at risk for developing breast cancer due to the fact dense breast contains more glandular and connective tissue. Patients who are exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation to the thorax, early menarche, tobacco use, nulliparity, late menopause, and first child birth after thirty years of age put the patient at risk for breast cancer (Ignatavicius, 2013, p.

Cancer is a genetic, heritable disease in which abnormal cells divide rapidly destroying normal body cells, often being fatal. Cancer can occur in any body tissue; skin, organs, and parts of the reproductive system (Duda). There are various activities linked to different types of cancer, such as smoking, too much sun exposure, gene mutations, carcinogens, and viruses. A major cause of cancer, dating all the way back to the 1950’s, is radiation. Atomic testing ordered by the U.S. Government has been suspected to be the cause of many deaths linked to radiation-related diseases (Williams 149).

Beginning with the accident at Three Mile Island in 1979, a widespread belief has proliferated that all levels of ionizing radiation are dangerous. Since 1980, radiation hormesis studies have shown there is actually a threshold of danger with high level exposures, but below that threshold low dose radiation is essentially safe and quite possibly beneficial to life. Yet, this relatively new, seemingly contradictory understanding of radiation's health effects has gone essentially unknown to the general public. In order to grasp the reasons why, we must again return to the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

discoveries is information regarding chromosomal and genetic disorders. Both chromosomal and genetic ailments can have harmful effects on the body. Genetic diseases such as Bloom's Syndrome occur as a result of gene alterations. These gene mutations cause the chromosomes to become unstable, leading to chromosomal breaks, separations and structural repositioning (Freivogel 170). Chromosomal diseases like Charcot-Marie Tooth Disease are also caused by mutations, which are nearly irreversible (Krajewski 232).

Secondary radiation is developed from any matter being hit by primary radiation. Secondary x-rays have less penetrating energy than primary radiation. Acute (short term) effects of radiation result from high doses of whole body radiation, 100 rads and above. Clinically, a person may experience a mild and transient illness to death. It may occur minutes, hours, or weeks after the exposure. The median lethal whole body dose for humans is 450 rads. Chronic (long-term) effects of radiation can arrive years after the original exposure. It also may have cumulative effects on the somatic cells over the lifetime of the patient. Future generations may experience genetic

While healthy babies are born every day, not everyone is so fortunate. In many cases, diagnostic radiology is required for patients during their childhood. Can having this radiation during the formative years lead to adverse effects later in life? The biggest concern from radiation is the risk of cancer. Cancer can occur at any dose from ionizing radiation because it is a stochastic effect, meaning that it is probabilistic. The probability of a stochastic effect, such as cancer, increases as the dose increases. While receiving this radiation may be necessary, it can cause some serious trouble later in life, such as breast cancer, leukemia, and thyroid cancer.

“Pediatric Exposures to Ionizing Radiation: Carcinogenic Considerations” was exceedingly informative about the risks of ionizing radiation on the pediatric population. The main idea was centered around the understanding that children are much more sensitive to radiation than adults. Its focus was comprised of three main concepts which included evidence from accidental exposures, radiation therapy, and computed tomography scans. Each of these concerns were discussed in great detail by introducing supporting evidence for each and the changes that have been made to combat the observed and studied effects. The article was extremely successful in displaying that ionizing radiation has more of an effect on developing children than adults.

According to Greaves, M. childhood leukemia relates to the pathology, the common symptoms being paleness (anemia), bleeding tendency, fatigue, aches and pains with unexplained fevers. Greaves, M. (2008). White blood personal journeys with childhood leukemia. (page 34) Singapore: World Scientific. There have been epidemiologic studies of acute leukemia risk factors that may cause leukemia in children such as environmental, genetics and infectious in order to determine the cause of the disease. According to Belson M., Kingsley B. and Holmes A. there has only been one environmental risk factor (ionizing radiation) has been linked to acute lymphocytic leukemia or myeloid leukemia. Belson, M., Kingsley, B., & Holmes, A. (2007). Risk factors for acute leukemia in children: A review. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(1), 138-45. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/222648934?accountid=8580. Ionizing radiation is radiation consisting of x-rays or gamma rays with ample energy to cause ionization, which is energy needed to remove the furthest electron from a neutral atom. The level of the risk of ionizing radiation varies on the dose of radiation, the extent of exposure and the age of the child during the time of exposer. A child who suffers from leukemia due to ionizing radiation was potentially effected during preconception, pregnancy or during the postnatal period. Speculations have risen on whether

When the x-ray was first discovered, it caused leukemia in radiologists to increase exponentially. A study of physicians in 1935-1944 showed that the risk of a radiologist obtaining leukemia is eight times more likely than a regular physician (Ulrich). Surprisingly, children were also affected by x-rays. In 1955, Britain had more than a 50 percent increase in children dying of leukemia. The cause of death and abnormalities in these children were from x-rays. Operators around the world were performing unnecessary x-rays on women who were pregnant (Wasserman 127, 129-31). Studies performed by Dr. Irwin Bross on kids during 1959-1962 have shown that radiation in any form could tremendously affect the risks of leukemia in children. Radiation on the unborn child could raise the risk of leukemia 8.3 times in children ages 1-4 (Bross). The frequent exposure to x-rays like when feet for shoe sizes and body parts for hair removal are given x-rays, led to death, and sickness (Bookchin

Certain types of radiation, such as x-rays, rays from radioactive substances, and ultraviolet rays from exposure to the sun, can produce damage to the DNA of cells, which might lead to cancer.

Deletion Mutation: is a type of gene mutation wherein the deletion of nucleotides causes a shift in the reading frame of the