The Cooper-JACOB Time-Jacob Method

What is interesting about this paper is the author’s purpose. It seems as though he is attempting to raise awareness and support geophysics. However, all the points he brings up to discuss he quickly refutes with dangers. This confuses the reader as the article is more intimidating rather than informational. The overwhelming sense of danger associated with each

After it has drilled a while deeper another casing is placed to further protect the groundwater from the natural gas and oil which is to be soon produced. Vertically the drill may dig as deep as 4,500 to 7,500 feet.

The single most pronounced criticism of hydraulic fracturing is the claim that it pollutes groundwater, yet there is little or no evidence to prove such a claim. A landmark

The graph that has been made explains the relationship between 0the salinity and conductivity including the trials. The graph showed that salinity was increasing and as a result conductivity was also increasing. The trend line showed the direct and stable relationship which was whenever salinity increases conductivity also increases. The equation from excel was y=999.66x+646.4. R2 was = 0.99656. Then we solve the equation to get the answer for the salinity. We start with plugging the conductivity number instead of Y and the we solve the equation to get the salinity which we be 15.85ppt. As a result the salinity of the Seven River estuary is equal to

The process of the collection of an underground fluid would not be possible without the use of hydraulic fracturing. In the Shale reserves, located about 5,000 feet underground, suffer an extremely low permeability rate. Permeability is the measure of how well a fluid flows through an absorbent material at the depth, and within such nonporous rock, the ability of fluids to travel to the well is greatly limited. Fracturing increases the area of the fluid that is exposed to porous materials and thus greatly increases production. The method of fracturing utilizes a few key components which allow for an economical extraction of resources.

Fissures created by high pressure fracking fluid to increase gas flow to the well also create pathways for leakage and consequent contamination of groundwater (Yu et al. 2014). Boreholes drilled for well access must pass through shallower strata, which may contain groundwater aquifers, before reaching target natural gas reservoirs (Davies et al. 2014). Passing through shallow layers of strata introduces a potential source of contamination to groundwater resources (Davies et al. 2014). Leakage into groundwater wells can occur due to poor well completion practices, the corrosion of steel casing, and the deterioration of cement during production of shale gas (Davies et al. 2014). Therefore, shale gas well integrity is important in reducing contamination events.

* Most of unconventional gas, such as shale and tight sand, is too deep in the ground to have the fluid reach aquifer.

The natural resource industry continues to improve, providing the world with energy that fuels machines and keep homes warm. Drilling is the way the world has been getting oil from the ground due to the efficiency. A certain process can only work for so long and the output continues to decrease. Due to the high demands oil and natural gases, the world has turned to alternative ways retrieve these resources. Hydraulic fracturing is now the most effective way to retrieve oil and natural gas from the ground. Recently, the number of earthquakes have increased near hydraulic fracturing sites. Hydraulic fracturing is both beneficial and destructive at the same time. Several examples of seismic activity linked to fracking

One of the things that the commission need to keep in mind while deciding will be that the drilling sites will be located near the Ogallala Aquifer. This is one of the biggest aquifers in the world which means polluting the aquifer could have a large impact on hundreds of people’s drinking water. The commission has assured the community that they have used better equipment to protect the pipes so they do not leak. However, the members of the community have little to no faith after seeing how filthy the water still is that’s in the ground. However, with the new equipment the oil company has promised to use the Nebraska residents might feel safer (Hayden).

This pipeline was operational in June, 1997, under the ownership of Alyeska Pipeline Services Co. (Hall, William et al., 2003). At the time of the pipelines construction, there was no seismic criteria for the TAPS (Hall, William et al., 2003). In order to make sure the pipeline would survive an earthquake, Alyeska Pipeline Services Co. used mechanical engineers to make sure that the TAPS had the same seismic standards as the nuclear power industry, the offshore pipeline industry, and the military establishment (Hall, William et al., 2003). During the TAPS construction, it was designed to “withstand 6.1 m of horizontal offset, 1.5 m of vertical offset, and accelerations of 0.36 g” and a magnitude 5.5-8.5 earthquake as specified in the Stipulations for the Proposed Trans-Alaskan Pipeline System (Eberhart-Phillips et al., 2003; Boore, Joyner, and Coulter, 1972). Figure 1, located on page __, shows the pipeline’s route and the magnitudes of earthquakes the pipeline was constructed to withstand (Boore, Joyner, and Coulter, 1972). What figure 1 doesn’t illustrate is that the TAPS crosses three faults; the Denali, McGinnis Glacier, and Donnelly Dome (Hall, William et al., 2003). While this route is the most efficient at transporting the oil from Prudhoe Bay to the Gulf of Alaska, crossing three faults triples the likelihood of a major earthquake damaging the TAPS.

There are many outside forces that can impact the safety of ground water reserves. When wells are hydraulically fractured the water that is forced down the well has sand and other chemicals called proppants to keep the fissures and cracks created by hydraulic fracturing open allowing gas and oil to flow into the well. The list of chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing fall into the following categories: acids to remove damage and decrease well pressure and emissions; biocides to reduce the risk of hydrogen sulphide accumulation; corrosion inhibitors to reduce corrosion in the pipe; friction reducers to decrease emissions and pressure; gelling agents to hold fissures and pores open allowing gas to flow into the well; and oxygen scavengers that guard against oxidation caused by corrosion. (FAQ The Shale Reporter) When this fracking fluid is forced down the well, a large amount comes back up, this is called flowback water or produced water. This flowback water can contain high levels of total dissolved solids or TDS with a high content of salt. There are also naturally occurring radioactive materials which are also known as NORM, different organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals and metals. The Environmental Protection Agency in partnership with oil producing states are evaluating methods to employ in the industry to make sure permitting and

In the additional measures to secure the extraction process, the strong pipe and the layers of cement, make hydraulic fracturing a very safe way to access the gas. Further security is guaranteed by the new, modern character of the technology. As a direct response to the risk of methane-contamination of the environment, proponents argue that groundwater contains

Mentors: Environmental Scientist/Hydrogeologist/Geologist/ Environmental Engineers, Underground Injection Control (UIC) Unit in Region 8 U.S. EPA.

To start with, a competitive analysis was completed to help easily identify plunger candidates according to well records. Phone calls were made to field personnel in order to confirm data collected from well records. It is important to note that some information in office records did not match current well conditions in the field. For example, existing office records suggested a plunger was currently installed on some wells; however, field operations confirmed that plungers had been removed. These differences were accounted for in the competitive analysis generated when field information was obtained via phone conversations with Mark Miller and Mike Day.

Faults transmissibilites have high impact on flow patterns and pressure profile in the reservoir. (Edris et al 2008) updated fault transmissibility by using automated history matching method and matching 4D seismic predictions from the simulations to observed data. To examine the successful of the work, they feed the model with new data as observed data and compared the result with history match. The results gave good match between the model and observed data. In addition, they investigated that it’s better to use the data early when build the model rather than to added it later. (Ding, et al 2005) used simulation to characterize the actual flow through the fractures and the connections between matrix and fractures in the area surrounding the well. Based on the geological DFN model a near-well fracture upscaling built to improve the