The Anna Karenina Principle

Early farmers in Europe and elsewhere practiced shifting cultivation, also known as swidden agriculture.Although the lands around the Mediterranean seem to have shared a complex of crops and farming techniques, geographical barriers blocked the spread elsewhere. Rainfall patterns south of the Sahara favored locally domesticated grains—sorghums, millets, and (in Ethiopia) teff—over wheat and barley. In the Americas a decline of game animals in the Tehuacán° Valley of Mexico after 8000 B.C.E. increased people’s dependence on wild plants. Agriculture based on maize (corn) developed there about 3000 B.C.E. and gradually spread. The first domesticated animal, the dog, may have helped hunters track game well before the Neolithic period. Later, animals initially provided meat but eventually supplied milk, wool, and energy as well.Meat eating did not decline during the revolution.

8. What might happen if the beneficial traits that scientists inserted into agricultural crops spread to non-agricultural settings?

To the public eye, hospitals and nurses are there for them and their work environment seems like one that would promote growth in the work place, but the public doesn’t see what happens behind the curtain at these hospitals. Bullying can be in every company, but the public never really sees it happening just the employees that work there. The definition of bullying according to Terri Townsend, who wrote “Break the bullying cycle”, states that “[b]ullying is defined as repeated, offensive, abusive, intimidating, or insulting behaviors; abuse of power; or unfair sanctions that make recipients feel humiliated, vulnerable, or threatened, thus creating stress and undermining their self-confidence” (Townsend). This bullying greatly affects the employees and makes the work place environment suffer. By using Bruno Bettelheim’s essay “The Ignored Lesson of Anne Frank”, as a reference to compare why these employees put up with what happens to them at work. A very common everyday example where work place bullying/dehumanization happens would be the employees of McDonalds in Barbara Garson’s essay “McDonald’s – We Do It All for You”, which shows what these employees put up with on a daily basis. There is a huge difference in work places from that of a hospital to that of McDonald’s, but the question is why do these employees put up with the abuse? Hospital employees are also scared to stand up to their supervisors, because they don’t want to face the possible consequences that would

Populations were affected biologically by trade with the debut with alternative crops and the faster spread of disease and

Humans have been manipulating genetic transfer for over 10,000 years since our hunter- gatherer ancestors began to settle in one place and started farming and planting crops. Those humans observed and chose organisms from natural selection to select and breed organisms that showed characteristics desired by them and this began the process of selective breeding. Selective breeding favours recessive alleles that do not persist in wild populations. Selective breeding is a process of increasing the frequency of rare and recessive alleles so that they appear in homozygous form. This has the effect of eliminating the alleles for wild type from the population and the process of domestication has become irreversible. The domestic species has become dependent on humans for their survival. It is from these domestic species that humans have selected and breed favourable genetic traits for their benefit, be it higher yield in plant crops, sweeter tasting fruit, and more milk from dairy cows or ease of handling stock, selective breeding continues to be used today.

Anne Frank was a young girl who lived during the holocaust who lived during Hitler’s reign in Amsterdam. Only one problem: She was Jewish. In July of 1942, Margot Frank was called to report to a concentration camp. The Franks were forced into hiding in an annex behind Mr. Frank’s business. The Franks, along with the Van Pels and Mr. Pfeffer, hid in the annex for about two years. During her time in hiding, Anne confided in a diary. In her diary, she wrote “Despite everything, I believe people are really good at heart.” I agree with Anne. In my opinion, everyone is good at heart; they just show it in different ways. People do what they think is right. Even though there is evil in the world, I believe that deep down, everyone is good at heart.

What are the 5 areas of independent domestication of plants (food production)? 10. What are the 4 areas that are possible sites of independent domestication of plants? 11. What 3-4 other areas received "founder packages" from Southwest Asia? CHAPTER 6: To Farm or Not to Farm 12. Why did hunter-gatherers evolve to become farmers in some areas and not in others? CHAPTER 7: How to Make an Almond 13. What does "plant domestication" mean? 14. Why is it important to understand when and why people became farmers? 15. What made some plants easier and more attractive to domesticate than others?

Used since the dawn of human domestication of agriculture and livestock, the basic premise of artificial selection involved early farmers selectively saving seeds to breed plants with certain characteristics (Evolution of Corn, n.d.). In more recent times, the aim has shifted from simply creating sturdier, tastier fruits and vegetables to being able to create as much food possible in order to meet human demands. Shaped by our modern global economy’s demand of efficiency, rising industrialization over the 20th century, and growing population, agricultural practices of genetic manipulation of crops has grown immensely over the last century. Taking a step beyond selectively saving choice seeds, the discovery of “hybrid vigor” by genetic engineers lead to farmers being able to interbreed

The question of why civilization has evolved to it's present form is a complicated one. It is an area of study that is fraught with pitfalls and easy-to-make assumptions about cultures, specifically why some have advanced far enough to control the majority of the world while others have never managed to advance beyond simple hunting and gathering. In his book “Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies”, author Jared Diamond attempts to explain the factors at play in our history that led to the modern world. In Chapter 9, titled “Zebras, Unhappy Marriages, and the Anna Karenina Principle”, Diamond explores the patterns of domestication in ancient cultures. He examines the types of animals that humans domesticated, as well as the distribution of domesticated animals and the effect on human society that this uneven distribution would bring. Ultimately he will argue that environment, not culture, is what drove the domestication of animals in the ancient world.

Certain animals can be a very useful resource for a developing civilization. The fertile crescent had a surplus of food and some of the most valuable and useful animals. The Fertile Crescent had Sheep, goat, pigs, cows, and horses. Those animals made everything easier for them. They could eat their meat, use their fur for clothing, drink their milk, use them for work and use their waste for fertilizer. It’s not as simple as find an animal and capture it and it's immediately yours there are certain things an animal needs for it to be domesticable. The animal needs to be a herbivore because it takes 10,000 pounds of corn to grow a 1,000 pound animal but for a carnivore it takes 10,000 pounds of herbivore to it. An animal also need to grow fast. People in Africa have many animals but none of them can be domesticated. The African Elephant hasn’t been domesticated because it takes fifteen years for them to fully mature and be able to breed. Elephants would be great for work but it takes too much time and effort to domesticate them. To domesticate an animal they need to be able to breed in captivity. Animals such as the cheetah won’t breed if they know they are being watched and thus people cannot domesticate them. If an animal has a bad disposition or bad attitude they cannot be domesticated because if an animal does not get along with a human

There are concerns that the introduction of GM crops in developing countries might lead to a reduction in biodiversity, particularly in areas where a crop originated and a wide range of natural genetic variation is found. There might also be unexpected consequences of gene transfer (between plants, for example an uncontrollable ‘escape’ of genes into neighbouring wild plants by pollen. There are also concerns that pests or weeds could acquire resistance to crops. Therefore their effectiveness is questioned and would probably hinder the development process,

Anna lived in a small town, in Georgia, with just her father. Her mom died of cancer a few months prior to her moving, which led to them leaving home. Located on the outskirts of town, Anna had one neighbor. Without meeting them, she discovered their names were Frank and Claire. She found out that Frank was a farmer. She also learned that Claire had an accident, which caused her to become blind.

A loud thud comes from the door, “Everyone out!”, and Anne’s two year hideout with her family comes to a crashing end. Anne Frank is a thirteen-year-old who went through a horrible era for jews like her called “The Holocaust.” Anne is an inspiration, because she was always positive, she was strong and brave, and she was an extraordinary writer for her age.

The beneficial continental circumstances enjoyed by Eurasians first appears in vegetation. The Fertile Crescent was endowed with diverse, abundant, and highly productive cereals and pulses such as wheat, barley, and pea that yielded both starch and protein. These food staples were domesticated very quickly and with little effort by Eurasians, whose newfound farms gave rise to specialization and division of labor. Conversely, in the Americas, the sole cereal crop of corn took many more thousands of years of domesticated refinement to prove useful to humans. Mr. Diamond also places great emphasis on the geographic East-West orientation of Eurasia. A plant growing at a given latitude can grow at that latitude the world over. Thus, Eurasia's East-West orientation was highly conducive to the rapid spread (by trade) of productive domesticated grains across the continent. Conversely, the Americas, Africa, and Australia were impaired by their North-South orientation, which dictated that domesticated plants from people of one latitude were of little use to their neighbors to the North and South. Compounding the effect, the trade of agricultural technology in Eurasia ultimately led to trade in other things, such as technological advances, including writing and language

hand, had large acres and fertile farmlands making it possible for them to grow different