The Antimicrobial Effect of 100% Mature Psidium Guajava (Guava) Leaf Extract on the Growth of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (Atcc # 27853)

Hooton, T., Bradley, S., Cardenas, D., Colgan, R., Geerlings, S., Rice, J., Nicolle, L. (2010).

Smith, R. J., Kilaru, A. S., Perrone, J., Paciotti, B., Barg, F. K., Gadsden, S. M., & Meisel, Z. F.

a) 19 authors (Rodrigo Delvecchio, Luiza M. Higga, Ana Luiza Valadao, Fabio L. Monteiro, Paula Pezzuto, and Patricia P. Garcez) ect.

Desai, A. R., Goulet, L. J., Robbins, J., Chapman, F. J., Migdole, J. S., & Hoge, A. M., (2006).

Wong, Catherine A.; Recktenwald, Angela J.; Jones, Marilyn L.; Waterman, Brian M.; Bollini, Mara L.; Dunagan, Wm. Claiborne.

Culturing bacteria on a media has been an important laboratory technique since Robert Koch discovered how to grow bacteria in a petri dish. Bacteria will cultivate successfully on the media if the right nutrients, temperature, humidity, pH and any other specific conditions were provided. The most basic and common medium of growth on the nutrient broth, which contains water, beef extract and peptone. Although most bacteria will grow in this medium, some bacteria are fastidious and require special growth supplements such as blood or sugar. Further in mixed populations where it would be difficult to isolate the minority type of organism in a simple medium. Therefore, media can be divided into different types depending on the chemical composition in order to help isolate selected microorganism’s. The commonly used media are differential, enriched and selective media.

Mark Lee, P.E. 1; Jorge A. Rueda-Benavides 2; Douglas D. Gransberg, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE 3

The most common medium is blood agar. P. aeruginosa has very simple nutritional requirements. When grown on blood agar, it is known to form round colonies with a fluorescent greenish color under ultraviolet light due to the production of pyocyanine. It also gives off a sweet odor and shows a B-hemolysis. P. aeruginosa is known to produce acid, but no gas when in glucose. It is not an active fermenter of carbohydrates. The optimal growth is 37˚ C. It is oxidative and non fermentative. Although an aerobic atmosphere is necessary for optimal growth, it sometimes can be grown anaerobically if nitrates are present in the medium. It is easily differentiated from other bacteria when grown properly with no

T., Macphee, L. M., Broomfield, N. M., Jones, B. C., & Espie, C. A. (2005). Sleep-

Carnett, A.A., Raulston, T., Lang, R., Tostanoski, A., Lee, A., Sigafoos, J., & Machalicek, W. (2014)

Additional materials were, pH strips, test tubes, P-200 micropipette, 3-mL syringe and fermentation jar. The pH was measured with the aid of pH indicator strips, to determine if the pH was dropping or rising. The dilutions were performed with the P-200 micropippetor, the dilution factors changes through the experiment, in relation to the bacterial growth and ranged from 10-1 to 10-5. The fermentation jar was packed with ¼ of a head of lettuce and 5% salt-water solution from the sink. The 5% solution was achieved by using 25g of salt in 500mL of H2O. The TSA agar plates were the control environments, one aerobic and the other anaerobic. The WN5 was for the anaerobic and microaerophilic conditions and had cyclohexane and 5% salt that selects for bacteria. The PS agar dish had CFC supplement (cetrimide, fucidin and cephalonidine) and Irgasam. The EC dish had bile salt that selected for Gram-negative bacteria. The LSA plate allowed for the differentiation of lactobacilli and streptococci. All of the above plates were incubated at room temperature of 25°C. The plates were counted for formed colonies on the following days: 0,2,7,9 and 14; also the pH was taken. The pH was taken by removing some of the fermentation liquid and placed on the indicator strip.

Heinzel, S., Lawrence, J. B., Kallies, G., Rapp, M. A., & Heissel, A. (2015). Using

This study was conducted to determine the anti-bacterial properties of duhat bark extract and it’s fighting ability against various types of bacteria.

The fruits of the American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon L.) have been used as a folk remedy for urinary tract infections for a century. Active phytochemical compounds isolated from the cranberry have recently received great attention due to their anti-cancer, anti-adhesion, and anti-oxidant properties6-13. Previous studies have shown that cranberry-derived proanthocyanidins (cPACs), originally isolated for their anti-adhesion properties10,12,14, blocked swarming motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa15. It has been also demonstrated that cranberry powder (CP) derived from whole, crushed cranberries impair the swimming and swarming motilities of Escherichia coli16 and Proteus mirabilis17. To date, not much attention given towards anti-infective

Herbal medicines are great alternative for commercially manufactured medicines available in the market. The major reason why herbal medicine differ from modern medicine is because they are produced with 100% natural content. Therefore the plant extract has all the medicinal values that are as effective as modern medicine. Commercially prepared drugs show results quickly but have numerous side effects. However herbal medicines don’t show any side