The Application Of Direct Effect

In the essay “Genetically Modified Food: Watching What We Eat,” by Julie Cooper, she argues against the rampant use of genetically modified food (GMO) without any current form of regulation. Cooper discusses the possibility of health risks to those consuming foods with altered genes and the food’s capabilities to have far-reaching health risks. She continues with a discussion as to how and why the creation and use of the GMOs have become so unregulated. She then discusses the response, which is the public’s cry for their right to make informed choices. Other topics discusses are the political, environmental, and corporate ramifications of the rise of GMOs.

- The FDA determined that genetically engineered foods should be regulated the same as regular foods. There are no regulations to date that have been determined that are specific to genetically engineered foods.

1) What are the ethical issues in this case? There are a few ethical issues in this case, making genetically engineered food and distributing to the public without the publics knowledge is unethical. Another ethical issue is not knowing what side affects of the engineered food will do to humans in the long term. It is still not determined whether or not some of these GM foods will cause health problems in humans in the long run and should be tested like new drug have to be tested. It seems to me that the government is not as strict on GM foods like they are on new drugs being tested.

According to the regulations established by the FDA in 1992, “Under this policy, foods, such as fruits, vegetables, grains, and their byproducts, derived from plant varieties developed by the new methods of genetic modification are regulated within the existing framework of the act” (FDA). In other words, instead of creating new regulations that are specific to these completely unique food products, they are put within the umbrella of other “natural” products. As time passes it appears to be harder to establish strict regulations to manage genetically modified food. According to the Center for Food Safety the most current propose of the Food and Drug Administration establishes that agricultural biotech companies should notify the FDA within a period of 120 before the companies proceed to introduce the product to the market. Regrettably, there is not mention of any regulation that requires assessment for health and environmental safety. This leave the companies with the freedom decide the kind of test that they want to perform if they decide to do so. But most important if this proposal is successful approve it will mean that the companies will have the right to freely even control what they want to include on their labels, which it will most likely exclude the mentioning of genetically modified food.

Genetically modified foods should be banned more than now because they are harmful for people’s health, farmers are damaged by mass production and can not help improvement of economy.

The EU has approved more stringent policies over the years on the regulation of GMOs. There has been many cases of regulation failures that have undermined trust of administrative authorities to ensure the health of the citizens. Most notably, before the outbreak of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (as known as mad cow disease), the European Union and the United states’s regulations on the GM products were very similar. This outbreak revealed the vulnerabilities of the EU’s food safety regulation policies. Even though mad-cow disease was discovered in cows in the UK, the EC believed that it was not a threat on the safety of their European citizens. After conducting laboratory tests in the past, it showed evidence that BSE was transferable once consumed. This was just after the outbreak in the late 1980s, so the citizens were very wary of the health dangers, but the EC failed to place restrictions on the selling

The production and selling of more genetically modified organisms should be permitted in the US. Furthermore GMO’s have been proven to be safe and can increase food available for people who have little. Considering the increased use of pesticides is not an effect of the GM crops, that is something between the states and farmers themselves. Whereas the use of insecticides has been decreased, as well as, crops being developed to survive harsh climates is an effect of genetically modified crops. Therefore the production and selling of more GMO’s should be allowed in the

When it comes to using morphine to relieve pain in a dying patient, one might be faced with a conflict. Although morphine helps to manage pain and prevent suffering, morphine is also a strong drug that could cause premature death. What makes someone more prone to a hastened death is the addictive component of morphine, which leads to frequent use and suppression of respirations. However, the Doctrine of Double Effect helps to determine if the act is permissible.

“Lord Browne-Wilkinson took a false step in Target when he introduced an inapt causation requirement into the law governing substitutive performance claims.”

While the United States of America has been known as the “Land of Opportunities”, one act ruined the lives of many people for decades. On August 6, 1945, the United States landed an atomic bomb on Hiroshima in Japan. Three days later after the bomb hit, the United States attacked the city of Nagasaki with another nuclear weapon. What makes this act unusual in history is that this is the only time that nuclear weapons were ever used in war. After the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, there has been several people who have had the debate of whether the bombing was morally permissible or impermissible. In order to determine an answer for this question; readers have to be knowledgeable about ethics, research the history leading up to this event,

In the performance “A Muslim and Jewish girl's bold poetry slam,” it goes into great detail about the harsh reality of stereotypes that exist in our world today. One major concept that is reflected throughout this performance is the idea of the primary effect, which “is the tendency to be more influenced by initial information about a person than by information gathered later” (Rothwell 53). The primary effect tends to happen when people meet someone for the first time. The performance explains how each of these girls have experienced the primary effect due to their cultural backgrounds. The primary effect is something that is very common in our society today.

Identifying potential health concerns in the foods we consume has become more prominent matter in today’s society and the Canadian public. The methods of genetically modifying ingredients, whether to offer resistance to certain insects or produce a higher yield for example, has prompted plausible pro-labelling arguments from the public due to mostly religious and ethical reasons. Voluntary labeling by companies may be deemed as not sufficient enough for some consumers who have stigmatized genetically modified foods. Hence, it is my contention that the Canadian government mandate that all genetically modified foods sold in Canada be labeled as such to protect consumer rights.

A change shall set forth not on its own, but with the powers of the people trying to make it happen. Being Martin Luther King Jr. and having such a voice for the people that surround you there isn’t enough being done to create great impacts on those who disagree with you and your tactics. If you want to fight so much for what you believe then there should be more being done then protesting, blaming the cops, and more than just “direct action.” You should be writing letters to people to change their attitudes and aspects on African Americans not writing a letter to attempt to change my perspective on what you do.

The view of the Catholic Church has always been to protect the sacred gift of life for all people even when they have done evil things.  As a Christians we are told that we should have forgiveness for those that have wronged us and pray that they will one day repent.  However, for some seriously violent criminals, they may not be able to abstain from their violent behaviors.  Because of this, there is a slight risk that they may be able to harm the innocent again.   In this case it may be a place where the Principle of Double Effect would apply because the chance of such evil is still there and the need to protect the good of all people would exist.

Later, Calgene experienced problems relating to its production of the GM tomato and new competition was introduced from another product. At the same time, a variation of Calgene’s tomato was used in a tomato paste produced by another company, which ended up being sold in Europe where the GM foods were expected to be happily accepted and supported. This was not the case; a prominent scientist in the UK spoke out against all genetically modified foods and the development process. He had initially been hired to create a safety procedure for GM foods in Europe, but while conducting his research, he discovered that rats had suffered from various physical changes, some precancerous, and he concluded that the genetic modification process itself was to blame, rather than the specific gene that was inserted. His made public announcements that genetically modified foods could not be trusted made many European consumers understandably upset.