The Ash Tree Tracking Methods In Oakville's Forestry Planning Map )

When trees are removed from an area, it is presumably used for farming, or new construction. To support this claim, in the early eighteen hundreds, Illinois had more than twice the amount of timber it has now.( Iverson Pdf) With either action, farming or new construction soil protection

Fort Wayne Parks and Recreation organization budgeted for and planned a way to help save this tree species. For the past couple years, biannual Ash tree treatments have been in place to help save the Ash trees of Fort Wayne. This past summer 647 Ash trees in Fort Wayne were treated to prevent the Ash Borer from killing them. Because this treatment is a biannual treatment, only half of the population of Ash trees was treated the summer of 2013. The other half of the population was treated the previous summer and will be treated again in the summer of 2014. (City of Fort Wayne Parks and Recreation, 2013) Davey Resource group was the lowest bidder and took on the project of treating the Ash trees. “Davey Resource Group provides a full range of natural resource and utility consulting services to the commercial, residential, municipal and governmental markets.” (Davey)

Anstey Hill Recreation Park proves an interesting area to study the effects of bushfire on native ecosystems as a path winding up the hill provides a fire break. This break is what allows the two differing burn areas to be studied. The 2012 fire was a prescribed burn as the area had previously been unburnt since Ash Wednesday in 1983. Prescribed burns are conducted to reduce the fire danger associated with the fuel that builds up over time in the

The government of Canada has decided to implement a 30 year plan, which will cost over 2 billion dollars, it includes using insecticides and traps to eliminate Emerald Ash Borers and further infections in ash trees. Another negative effect is Emerald Ash Borer’s ability to consume white fringe tree, a close relative of ash trees, which is a sign that Emerald Ash Borers might be able to infect different types of tree in the future. Emerald Ash Borer has caused a slowdown in Canada’s forestry industry due to the death of many ash trees, which will mean slower economic growth for Canada, since we rely a lot on forestry products. Emerald Ash Borer has been increasing in population rapidly due to a lack of enough predators. As Emerald Ash Borer continue to threaten our forests, which has provided us with camping grounds, shade, and oxygen for years will be at risk. Ash trees are also an important part in preventing clogged river, streams, and water-treatment plant because of soil slides resulting from rain. Trees normally holds on to the soil to prevent clogged rivers and streams, but with Emerald Ash Borers wiping out million of ash tree and putting billions more at risk, it could disrupt the delicate balance between trees and soil. Researchers expect ash tree mortality rates will have ecological impacts on animals that rely on ash

Because of the large population of ash trees in Ottawa, it would be prohibitively expensive to inject every ash tree on city property. The injection program, therefore, focuses on injecting ash trees that will receive the most benefit. The Current state of Ottawa’s Ash Tree’s is extremely worrying, every other day a tree is needing to be removed and replaced from homeowners front and back yard’s. Trees in Ottawa are very important for maintaining and improving our air quality. When the majority of our ash trees have been destroyed by the Emerald Ash Borer we must have solutions in place as soon as

Exercise Lab 1. How much does temperature vary in large and small aquatic environments? Lab 2. What determines the water clarity of lakes, rivers and oceans? Lab 3. Where does the phosphorus go? Lab 4. How does human activity in watersheds affect the quality of lakes and rivers? Lab 5. Are the Great Lakes being influenced by the global greenhouse effect? Lab 6. How is the flow of the Red Cedar River influenced by the weather? Lab 7. What is the relationship between flow and turbidity in the Red Cedar River? Page 2 4 6 8 12 15 18

Overall, the more macroinvertebrates in the water, the healthier the stream. pH is a measure of how acidic or basic water is. It is measured on a scale from 0-14. 0 is the most acidic, 14 is the most basic, and 7 is neutral. It is the measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxide ions in the water. Acidic water has more hydrogen ions, and basic water has more hydroxide ions. When water’s pH is around neutral (7), that is a suitable and healthy living environment for fish, and indicates a healthy stream. If the water is too acidic or too basic, it can be harmful to the aquatic life. Dissolved oxygen is a measure of how much oxygen is dissolved in the water. As the amount of dissolved oxygen drops below normal levels in water bodies, the water quality is harmed and creatures begin to die off as a result of eutrophication. The higher the level of dissolved oxygen, the healthier the stream. When there is a lot of dissolved oxygen present it makes for a safe environment for fish to live and reproduce. Having all this healthy fish can provide us with food, so overall the more dissolved oxygen, the better. Nitrates are a compound found in fertilizers that is used to help plants grow. It is what is given off as a result of the use of nitrogen in water. The organisms in the soil eat the nitrates and it helps the metabolism and the health of organisms. Plants, such as Algae use nitrates as a source

The Appalachians span over a distance of 1,600 miles, ranging across 14 states, from Newfoundland in the North, to Alabama in the South. The Appalachians are the oldest chain of mountains on the North American continent. With forest, comes forest fires, some natural and some prescribed by humans. In order to reduce the calamitous damage caused by natural wildfires, the technique of prescribed fires is used. This is done by diminishing the amounts of trees, shrubs, and brush in the intended area. By doing this, new native plant growth is encouraged and it helps maintain some plant and animal species that depend on the periodic fires. With this man made force comes numerous effects on vegetation, wildlife, and the human impact.

The Rim Fire of 2013 ravaged the slopes of the Stanislaus National Forest leaving many areas severely burned and unable to recover. Restoration efforts have been made and 56,000 saplings were planted in 2016 in the most severely burned areas; but the forest still has a long way to recovery. Fires are a naturally occurring hazard in the Stanislaus National Forest, and have contributed to the replenishment, control, and sustainability of the forest; but fires of the Rim Fire's intensity are very rare. The Rim Fire destroyed over 277,314 acres of habitat, harmed many mature trees, and ruined the layers of topsoil, and increased erosion and runoff. The devastation of the Rim Fire would not be have been so intense if it weren’t for past fire

Many people think that to get rid of them we have to cut down the ash trees but that is not true. Recently in Burnsville, this summer it injected 14 ash trees at City Hall with pesticide to protect them against the emerald ash borer. Deborah McCullough, a professor of entomology and forestry at Michigan State University. Based on her research, she says: “There is no reason for a landscape ash tree to die from emerald ash borer anymore. The treatment is so effective and so much cheaper than removal and replacement that I can’t get a single elected official to weigh in on the side of removing healthy trees because we don’t have to, and that is never popular with the public.” Private ash trees that were not injected are dead, while treated ash trees on city property stand nearby in good health. Michigan and Ohio State research shows that injecting Tree-age “provides at least two years of almost 100 percent control” of larvae, McCullough said. Applying pesticides every two years costs about $250 a tree, while removal and replacement is $700 to $1,200 a tree. The company says the product is a safe, “organic” option. We should try that option instead of cutting down trees. This would help protect the area of great lakes from emerald ash

Coal in the United States has long been the #1 producer of energy. Massive seams of coal are found in the Appalachian Mountains, and our reliance on this fossil fuel has meant devastation for many mountain residents and over 500 mountains. As our society advances, the need for more energy advances. What were once beautiful rolling hills are now flattened plateaus reminiscent of a landscape you would see in the desert. We as a nation have only short-term interest in our environment, and choose to ignore the many warning signs this planet continues to offer us. Left in our path of destruction are the many residents of Appalachia and a landscape that begs us for forgiveness.

Ash-Lawn Highlands, which is located southwest of Charlottesville, Virginia, is a basic Colonial, Georgian styled structure that has a side-gabled roof. Including an addition to the structure’s façade, it is four bays long. The structure’s façade is erected on a red brick and stone foundation and smooth white painted wooden clapboards. The façade is symmetrical and divided into two parts by a single porch, which attaches to a one-story portico with an attached pediment. Flanked by double-hung sash windows on each side the portico has a pediment that sits above it.

Through the northwestern portion of the site a manmade walking path has been established for recreation purposes adjacent to the lowest point of the meadow. Despite there being a drainage culvert for carrying rainwater under the pathway, there is noticeable erosion of the path itself, suggesting that with ample rainfall such a culvert is insufficient, allowing rainwater to flow up and over the path (Figure 8). This also draws into question the stability of the local area in terms of landslides and mass wasting. Because the slope is greater than 25% it is very likely that mass wasting occurs in the area. Slopes in the surrounding area are not steep enough for rock falls but with consistent heavy rainfall a mudslide of clay and rock is possible, which could threaten recreational users of the park. Because Taylor Mountain is a public open space preserve there is cause for concern when designing/building structures associated with recreational use. Precautions must be taken when building to avoid hazards of mass wasting and erosion. However, due to the nature of the preserve it is highly unlikely that any type of large structure or septic system would be permitted. Noise pollution in this area is very mild with only the occasional truck being heard on the 101 highway to the west. Unfortunately, a new fire station is to be built within .6 miles and some local fauna may become disturbed by the wail of sirens. Be advised that a sound barrier should be constructed around the fire station in order to minimize disturbance of wildlife. One important note is that it was recommended in a biotic assessment that, “one of the proposed trails be removed from the plan (on Taylor Mountain) to avoid impacts to deer in the oak woodland, and that another be realigned to avoid wetlands” (Waaland, pg.1). In doing so further disruption of wildlife habitat can be

Humans have been changing the Western forests' fire system since the settlement by the Europeans and now we are experiencing the consequences of those changes. During the summer of 2002, 6.9 million acres of forests was burnt up in the West (Wildland Fires, 1). This figure is two times the ten year annual average, and it does not look like next summer will be any better (Wildfire Season, 1).

The patterns of biological diversity in rivers and streams among taxa vary on a spatial and temporal scale (Ligeiro et al. 2010; McGarvey and Terra 2015). Variations in stream ecology can be contributed to water quality, habitat, and history of disturbance (Lingeiro et al. 2010). Creeks and streams feed into rivers and other larger bodies of water, which provide food, water, and other commercial and recreational services as well as a home to an array of plants and animals which rely on clean water. The health of these smaller bodies of water can act as indicators for the health of the larger watershed.