The Bacteria Neisseria Meningitides Essay

Before introduction of PCV-7 in the Netherlands, overall invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) rates were 35 cases/100,000 children <2 years of age, of which 15 cases/100,000 children were meningitis (7). After PCV7 introduction, IPD caused by vaccine serotypes declined in all ages (8). Nevertheless, diseases caused by non-vaccine serotype increased (9). In May 2011, PCV10 replaced PCV7. It caused a decrease in PCV10 IPD incidence in PCV10-eligible children (10). In all age group, pneumococcal pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease hospitalization and death reduced in 2005-2006 season in United States (11). Irrespective of this large fall in IPD disease, a leading question is whether vaccination with PCV7 and PCV10 have an impact in reduction of non- invasive pneumococcal infection. A double blind randomized controlled study (12) showed that illness episodes in children greater than 1 month reduced by 7% among those vaccinated with 9-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine, where 85% of episodes were related to respiratory tract and 15,16 and 17% were observed in upper respiratory infection, lower respiratory tract infection and otitis media respectively in day care centers. Reduction of pneumococcal pneumoniae in younger and older adults was imputed to herd immunity. Most vaccination are

Meningococcal Meningitis is the infection and inflammation of the meninges. Newborns and infants are at greatest risk for contracting bacterial meningitis with Neisseria meningitides being the typical pathogen in the majority of children age 2 months through 12 years (London, Ladewig, Ball, Bindler, & Cowen, 2011). There is a mortality rate of 10% for children who develop meningitis from this particular bacterium (Muller, 2013).

N. meningitidis and the diseases that it is responsible for are diagnosed by blood samples or a spinal tap to retrieve cerebrospinal fluid samples. Since the bacteria grows fastidious and is oxidase positive, it is preferred to grow it on a blood agar plate or a chocolate agar plate at temperatures ranging from 35-37 degrees Celsius. It can be identified using the Kovac’s oxidase test and if a positive result is found it should be followed with a carbohydrate utilization test. If this too shows N.meningitidis then a serological test should be performed to determine which strain is present. The strains of A, B, C, Y and W135 are the only known associated with humans and disease. Strain B is a weaker form and does not generate an adequate immune response therefore natural infection is capable of generating some immunity. It is also important in the lab testing of N. meningitidis to remember that the bacteria is capable of fermenting maltose in cultures which would set it apart from N. gonorrhoeae. It is imperative to utilize the Biosafety Level 2 to prevent contamination in lab workers. Most strains and diseases caused by N. meningitidis are treated with the administration of intravenous penicillin in a natural form. Ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin or rifampin as well as Chloramphenicol in children are used in treatment. It is also advised that anyone who may be exposed to the disease be treated with prophylactic treatment in order to prevent secondary infections. The treatment

Anyone can get meningitis at any point in their life. However, children between 1 month and two years old, adults with alcohol problem or chronic ear and nose infections, individuals with sickle cell disease, kidney failure or college students (16-23 years old), and people in military are more likely to get bacterial

I totally agree with you, meningitis b vaccine should be available for all America population the vaccine could possibly protect people against manganism b but we have to know that there different types b bacteria that cause illness and it’s tough to produce a universal vaccine that would cover strains circulating in different parts of the world. The vaccine that is being used in Europe and Australia is about 70% effective and I think that it could protect against meningitis.

An acute disease which is referred to any potentially disease that is caused by the type of bacteria called Neisseria meningitidis is named as meningococcal disease. This is a life threatening infection which may end in death. (Nadel et al.,2006, MacNiel et al., 2011) The first meningococcal disease was reported before 5 centuries. Meningococcal diseases are often severe and serious that present in meningitis 50% of cases and 40% septicemia (Gabuttiet et al., 2015). Some infected people may have one or both of these diseases. Both of them are occurring and spreading rapidly. Neisseria meningitidis is hosted in humans because they are the only reservoir. Rare forms of the disease including lung infection, joint infection and infection of the

In a world of vaccinations and public healthcare, it is easy to forget that we are constantly surrounded by disease causing microbes. Throughout this unit we have studied the human bodies constant fight with microbes and what happens once they accumulate. In this paper I will discuss meningococcal meningitis, its disease causing microbe, how the bacterium enters and exits the body and, the symptoms caused by the bacterium. I will also discuss the impact this microbe has on human health and any treatments available.

Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges of the brain and/or spinal cord. There are five types of meningitis: bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, and non-infectious. Meningitis is more often seen in children and acute bacterial meningitis can be fatal if not treated in the early stages. Five types of pathogens - E. coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Haemophilus influenza type b and group b streptococcus - have previously been reported as the top causes of meningitis. From January 2012 through December 2015, 3mL samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 179 children (120 males, 59 females) ranging in age from three days old to 12 years old, with acute bacterial meningitis, were tested and studied for antibiotic susceptibilities of CSF pathogens.

Depending on the severity of infection, bacterial meningitis may get better on its own. However, in severe cases it may be treated with antibiotics and steroids. Supportive care includes oxygen therapy and hospitalization. Early treatment is imperative to reduce the chances of

F: Initiate D5 0.9 NS at maintenance rate of 86 ml/ hr because of poor oral intake; and titrate IVF as PO intake increases.

Instead, there are some vaccines made to protect you against different types of meningococcal meningitis. The vaccines are generally recommended for people aged 11 to 18 years. People aged 19 to 21 who are enrolling in college should also get vaccinated. Your doctor may recommend a vaccine in some other cases. For instant, if you’re planning to travel to a part of the world where meningococcal meningitis is regularly found, you may be advised to get a vaccine first. Your doctor might also suggest the vaccine if you’ve had your spleen removed or if you have a chronic illness. If he is not treated, he symptoms will progressively worsen until he developed shock and dies.

Meningitis - the root “mening” is derived from the Greek Language which means membrane and the medical suffix “itis” means inflammation – is defined as a relatively rare disease caused by the acute inflammation of the protective membranes that surround the brain and the spinal cord known as the “meninges”. The meninges which consist of three layers can be inflamed by many infectious pathogens, microorganisms, other living organisms such as fungi and non-infectious conditions that fortunately have many treatment options that can cure meningitis completely.

“College Student Dies of Fulminant Bacterial Meningitis Strain from Princeton Outbreak 24 Hours After Onset of Symptoms.” In a heartbeat, Dr. Annaliesa Anderson felt a sinking vexation, like a pebble dropped into a pool to set in motion an endless circle of ripples. Using this fuel, she conquered Meningitis B with the vaccine Trumenba. As Chief Scientific Officer for Bacterial Vaccines at Pfizer Inc., living in New Jersey, Dr. Annaliesa Anderson has traveled the globe, piloting the bacterial vaccine programs, collaborating with different companies to accelerate development processes, and has also mobilized government committees to dispense the vaccines to save lives. Her groundbreaking work has inspired me, and she relayed the knowledge of

Meningococcal disease is a life serious and life-threatening infection that is a problem amongst children and young adults. The infection is caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis which is a gram negative β proteobacterium with a distinct diplcoccus morphology. This bacteria is an obligate human bacterial pathogen that normally resides in the human nasopharynx making humans the only natural reservoir. It can also be transmitted from person to person by close contact such as kissing or the simple sharing of a beverage. In most cases the bacteria doesn’t infect the host and will rarely lead to an invasive disease but factors such as the lack of immune defenses can alter this pattern. Neisseria meningitidis is the cause of the majority of cases of meningitis in the United States with children and young adults having the most impact. The United States alone sees 800-1500 cases annually. Worldwide, there are 1.2 million cases of meningococcal infections per year with a death toll of ~135,000. The rates of disease occur most frequently in newborns and children under 1 years of age. The number of incidences will decline and peak again between the ages of 15 and 25. This disease is found worldwide and has the most impact in sub-Saharan Africa where treatment isn’t readily available.

Meningitis the infectious disease that is an “Inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord known as the meninges”(Laboratory Information). Meningitis first appeared in 1768 by Edinburgh physician Sir Robert Whytt in a posthumous report. The first meningitis outbreak was recorded in 1805 Geneva. The first ever outbreak in Africa was in 1840 and after that a bunch of epidemics had become more common in the 20th century. Meningitis has many symptoms, it has a treatment but no cure, and meningitis can cause some issues for a person.