The Battle Between Cell in the Body and Pathogens in the Enviornment

The immune system is made up of several types of cells that work together to fight infections. Lymph cells (called lymphocytes) are the main type of cell in the adaptive immune system. There are 2 types of lymph cells: T cells and B cells. When B cells respond to an infection, they change into plasma cells. The plasma cells are found mainly in the bone marrow—the soft, inner part of some bones. The plasma cells

Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body. Adaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immune response.

The innate and adaptive immune response start with exposure to an antigen in the epithelium of

a. This function is mediated by T cells and B cells (memory cells) in our body via adaptive immunity. The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is “remembered” by a signature antigen. The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific “non-self” antigens during a process called antigen presentation. Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells. The ability to mount these tailored responses is maintained in the body by memory cells. Should a pathogen infect the body more than once, these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate it. So basically killer T cells will identify antigens present on foreign cells. These antigens are not found in any of the cells inside our body. Therefore, T cells will identify them and kill them.

Lymphocytes that become part of antibody-mediated immunity arm of the adaptive immune response develop in the:

The developmental routes for these cells are very complex and unique but there are similarities. B-cells produce antibodies to bind onto foreign bodies that have invaded the host organism; this allows cells such as cytotoxic T-cells will then destroy the infected cell/structure. On the other hand, T-cells such as T-helper cells that secrete cytokines to control immune responses and cytotoxic T-cells that destroy pathogenic cells and structures.

The immune system is made up of trillions of specialised cells (white blood cells) that detect and destroy pathogens or their toxins. Some white blood cells, which are

The organs that make up the lymphatic and immune system are the tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels. White blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), plasma, and platelets (thrombocytes) make up the blood. Lymphocytes are leukocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight off diseases. Two types of lymphocytes are B cells and T cells. Lymphocytes recognize antigens, or foreign substances/matter, in the body. Lymphocytes are a classification of agranulocytes, or cells (-cytes) without (a-) granules (granul/o) in the cytoplasm. B cells are created from stem cells, which are located in the bone marrow. B cells respond to antigens by becoming plasma cells. These plasma cells then create antibodies. Memory B cells produce a stronger response with the next exposure to the antigen. B cells fight off infection and bacteria while T cells defend against viruses and cancer cells. A hormone created by the thymus gland called thymosin changes lymphocytes into T cells. The thymus gland is active when you are a child and slowly shrinks, as you get older. T cells bind to the antigens on the cells and directly attack them. T cells secrete lymphokines that increase T cell production and directly kill cells with antigens. There are three types of T cells: cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T cells.

The unable to be harmed response on a person's body is how the body recognizes foreign bacteria, viruses and substances that may appear harmful to the body and defends itself by responding to the germs that the body tries to fight these have. The way it recognizes this germs that the body tries to fight is by already recognizing the proteins that have germs that the body tries to fight that already exist in the body that are not harmful. When the unable to be harmed response

As you continue on in your career, you have developed a keen interest in the adaptive immune system and plan on dedicating the bulk of your scientific career to the study of this elegant system! Initially, you are very interested in the molecular genetic processes that are required to generate the diversity of both B cells and T cells. Furthermore, you plan to use the next phase of your career to help those who are suffering from SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency). As you continue to plan for these experiments, please answer the following questions. (30pts)

Within the immune system, the thymus receives immature T cells from the bone marrow and turns them to mature T cells so that they can detect foreign substances. Antigens from epithelial cells are presented to the immature T cells. The T cells that recognize the antigens of the foreign cells continue to be tested and shown native cells from the body. If the T cells bind to the native cell, they are labeled autoimmune and destroyed, but those that

Tissue sample presented with large population of B cells, labelled with CD20, in follicles and macrophages labelled with CD68 were also visible in the intrafollicular zone, both are indicative of a humoral immune response.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell, which are an important part of the immune system. Lymphocytes can defend the body against infection because they can distinguish the body’s own cells from foreign ones. Once they recognize foreign material in the body, they produce chemicals to destroy that material. Two types of lymphocyte are produced in the bone marrow before birth.

To be able to distinguish among self and non-self molecules, both immune and adaptive immunity depends on the ability of the immune system. Self molecules are known as the components in which the body disguise itself from foreign substances by immune system. Non-self discrimination molecules are known as the foreign molecules. One of its function is the antigen, this substance bind with specific immune receptors and immune response elicit.

Our immune system is the second most complex system in our body. It is made up of organs, cells and proteins that work together to protect our bodies from harmful bacteria, viruses or other microorganisms that can cause diseases. Usually we don’t notice our immune system defending us against pathogens, but if the pathogen (harmful microorganism) is aggressive or if our body hasn’t ever come into contact with it, we can get sick. The jobs of our immune system are to recognise pathogens, as well as neutralise and remove them from our body. Our immune system also has to fight our own cells if they have changed due to an illness, for example, cancer. (1)