The Battle Of Verdun

Technological developments in the late 19th century had made artillery and machine guns extraordinarily effective defensive weapons, creating a deadly zone of fire in front of the defenders' positions. Soldiers and laborers were required to dig trenches and machine gun placements, which would protect men from enemy

Second Division Artillery began to bombard hill 983 with over 20,000 rounds of Artillery fire,

Field Artillery “The King of Battle” dates back as far as the birth of the United States Army itself. The Battle at Bunker

The technology of World War II, which lasted from 1939 to 1945, was a big part of the determination of the outcome of the war. Much of the technology was developed during the interwar years. Some of it was developed because of failure and hindrance in war progression, obviously because of inefficient technology. Still some was in the beginning stages of development as the war ended. Though earlier war greatly utilized science, mathematics, and innovation, World War II had the largest impact on the innovation in technology of the current lives of Americans. Furthermore, no war, preceeding or succeeding, was as profoundly affected by science, mathematics, and technology as World War II. Science and technology have always made

3000 guns were used to fire 4.25 million bullets and many bombs were set off, this was a mistake because it made the battlefield harder to fight on, and it informed the Germans that an attack was coming, giving them time to prepare. As Britain’s second army seized Messines ridge led by General Sir Herbert Plumer, which signaled that Britain could engage at Passchendaele allowed Germany to prepare themselves even more. This is because 6 weeks passed between the win at Messines and the beginning of the Battle of Passchendaele.Since the Germans found out about the battle coming soon, they prepared. Germany’s Field Marshal Bavarian Crown Prince Rupprecht devised a defense strategy where concrete pillboxes that protected against bombardment were placed in front of the german line. These pillboxes were protected by machine gunners so that the British could not approach the Germans, allowing them to concentrate on other

Field Artillery also known as “The King of Battle” dates back as far as the birth of the United States Army itself. At the Battle of Bunker Hill on June 1775, six artillery cannons stood and fought with much admiration. Due to poor leadership, five of the six cannons were lost and could not partake in battle. Henry Knox, a former bookseller, took over the artillery and created one of the most impressive and cohesive field artillery units that the United States Army has seen today. The artillery guns consisted of a large bronze or iron cannon, and a wooden frame connected with bolts wheeled on a carriage.

Prior to the Civil War during the Napoleonic era, artillery was a smoothbore weapon system primarily forged with bronze. These systems were very large, cumbersome, horse drawn and difficult to move into battle. However, near the end of the Napoleonic Era the Gribeauval system would improve cannon systems by casting them out of a solid piece of bronze, and boring out the center. This new Napoleonic invention increased range and accuracy, ultimately, establishing the cornerstone of rifled artillery.1

General Pershing, in command of the U.S. 1st Army, set the rail line near Sedan, France as the main objective. This was a vital supply route for German forces (Stewart, 2005), and the direction of attack to the north of the front line through the Argonne Forest would expose the flank of German forces being attacked by the French from the west. Support for the American forces consisted of over 800 aircraft, nearly 190 tanks, and approximately 2,700 pieces of artillery, and over 600,000 men (Stewart, 2005).

The civil war, one of the most bloodiest and climacteric battles in the history of the United States. Many battles took place during this pivotal, yet traumatic time in the United States of America. Like any battle, there have moving parts. Within Battles they contain, Scouts, Calvary, Infantry, and Field Artillery. Of all the moving parts on the battle field, the Field Artillery plays an important and triumphant role, within the battlefield infrastructure. The civil war, like other wars, ubiquitous use of artillery was important; artillery was the key to winning battles. One battle in particular, relied densely on the field artillery. Malvern Hill was that important battle. The history of Malvern Hill is one of many puzzle pieces,

With waves of tanks and infantry men the NVA/VC were able to start the ground attack.

The American Civil War has a plethora of important events with major impacts on the eventual outcome. In this war, a significant event occurred on the coastline of Savannah, Georgia during the Battle of Ft. Pulaski, an important battle with definite defensive and logistical advantages as the prize to the victor. The innovation shown in this battle will forever leave an imprint in the history of the field artillery's modern cannon rifling system as it revolutionized influencing higher rates of accuracy at greater distances. The Union commander during that era, Cpt. Gilmore, showed how a once considered invincible “third system defense” fortress, built with seven foot wide walls with a legion of cannons, can be breeched and seized without any loss from enemy fire. With continuous and accurate fires while being out of reach from enemy fires this technology to which is still in use today in modern field artillery cannons. We will be exploring the historical timeline of this battle. Not just the significance of this particular fort battle in the Civil War, but also in how rifled cannon tubes changed the course of this battle.

considered in the design and placement of artillery positions by the Confederates at Fort Hill and the river batteries along the waterfront. The Confederates placed additional obstacles in the

destroyed and German forces reached had some North Bank near the Marne River near the end

of this is that before the main attack over three thousand artillery guns were shot

In total, there were over 370 Union Army artillery units at Gettysburg during the battle on November 19th, 1863 (Newton, 2005). This gave the Union Army a stout advantage over the Confederate Army, who only had about 280 artillery unit’s available (Newton, 2005). Of the different pieces used, the 12 pound smooth bore Napoleon was the most common. With a range of 1,300 yards, this artillery piece was used for direct fire on enemy troops and advancing artillery (Newton, 2005). In most cases, the Napoleon used a canister shot, which consisted of one round and one charge (Newton, 2005).When massing artillery fires on enemy artillery, it was common for artillery sections to use a double canister, a canister with two rounds and one charge (Newton, 2005). This was done to increase the chance of critical damage to enemy pieces. Often times when engaging enemy artillery directly, Union artillery would focus the battery on one enemy piece at a time, using the double canister (Newton, 2005).