The Belo Monte Dam Complex Essays

3.5 million miles of water run throughout the United States; and since the country’s conception, over 80,000 dams have impounded 600,000 miles of these waters [1]. Dams were originally constructed to provide water to towns and establishes energy sources for mills and later hydroelectric plants. Because these dams were constructed decades ago, they’re reaching a critical point of obsoleteness where they cause more harm than good. Dam removal is increasingly popular across the country to address the ecological problems including habitat loss and sedimentation, despite potential for downstream harm, removing dams is more environmentally and economically cost effective than upgrading them. The Marmot, Glines Canyon, and Elwha river dam removal projects each highlight different challenges of dam removal, but overall

The South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China, established by Moa Zedong in 1952, is a water diversion project that would divert 44.8 billion cubic meters of water annually to the drier north of China ("South-to-North Water"). The project would link China’s four main rivers the Yangtze, Yellow River, Huaihe and Haihe. China plans on doing this by constructing three diversion routes moving through the south to north ("South-to-North Water"). It would stretch across the central, eastern and western parts of the country ("South-to-North Water"). This project is expected to cost around $62 billion dollars and take around 50 more years to complete ("South-to-North Water"). By trying to divert the rivers and create an equal distribution of water, the project raises many environmental concerns but has many positives. This paper will evaluate the different perspectives of the ecomodernist and resilience theory. This will be shown by analyzing each perspective, evaluating the different concerns and analyzing how each perspective would respond to the water diversion project.

BPA, a power marketing agency of the United States Department of Energy (DOE), supplies roughly half of the electricity used in the Pacific Northwest. The power that BPA markets comes primarily from 31 Federal hydroelectric projects (known collectively as the Federal Columbia River Power System, or FCRPS), and one non-federal nuclear plant. BPA is a co-manager of the Federal hydroelectric projects, but it does not own or operate them. Such responsibilities belong to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Bureau). For the purpose of this case study, Bureau of Reclamation owns and operates the dams and the Army Corps of Engineers builds and maintains the dams.

With the Colorado River supplying 43% of all agricultural water consumption and 41% of all Municipal and Industrial water supply in the basin, losing access to this resource entirely for one year would cost $1.434 trillion in combined state GDP [2]. Just a ten percent decline in water availability will reduce combined basin states GDP by $143.4 billion, reduce employment in the area by 1.6 million job-years, and reduce labor income by 87.1billion dollars per year [2]. In addition to the shrinking economic production, the cost of living in the area would also start to increase. The water in the Colorado River provides inexpensive energy for the parts of the lower basin states, the cost of the power has doubled from the initial contracts, and if water levels fall to 1000', the costs could quintuple for customers that are bound to purchase the hydroelectric power until 2067 [8]. While the internal economy of the basin would suffer, the effects would also ripple into the rest of the country. The agricultural Imperial Valley in California, for example, provides two-thirds of the country's vegetables in the winter [9]. Without proper irrigation and water supply, production rates

The Grand Coulee Dam, located in Eastern Washington, was one of controversy, risk, and a point of no return. While the water captured made the desert area blossom in agriculture and it powered some large cities, it created a sense of accomplishment, that humans can control Mother Nature. While many people were very excited for this new construction – which gives power and resources - at the time, some thought it should not be allowed, they are not proud of containing the Columbia River. In this analysis, I am going to focus on the economic and social effects that the Grand Coulee Dam created in its build.

The article “Down go the dams” by Jane C.Marks aim to provide an informative view on the current pending issue on Dams. The article starts out my mentioning the important nature of dams in our society. For example, Jane C.Marks states that today about 800,000 dams operate worldwide as well as the fact that most were built in the past century, primarily after World War II. Furthermore, the author lays down informative facts about dams such as the fact that dams control flooding and their reservoirs provide a reliable supply of water for irrigation, drinking and recreation which are all very important to society. In an economic standpoint, although it is very high maintenance dams provide jobs for people. The

Beside these arguments, there is also a more quantitative side to the debate. The ecological detriments of the Glen Canyon Dam have been well-documented. Extensive changes were brought about in the Colorado River ecosystem by the construction of the Glen Canyon Dam. Most of these alterations negatively affected the functioning of the system and the native aquatic species of the river. The reduced supply and transport of

“The Three Gorges Dam will be the largest hydropower station and dam in the world, with a 1.2 mile stretch of concrete and a 370 mile-long reservoir and 525 feet deep.”[4] To put that into understandable dimensions it will be the length of the Golden Gate Bridge, and twice as tall. “The reservoir created by the backflow of the dam will extend 360 miles up river to Chongqing, a distance equal to nearly half the length of California.”[5] So what is the point of this monstrosity? The major prospective benefits will be power generation, flood control, and increased navigability of the Yangtze River. Many people debate whether these attributes will actually be as beneficial as builders expect. The drawbacks of the dam are its flood plain and the effects of the flood plain, environmental damage, resettlement, historical and cultural loss, and the ideas of speculators about whether or not some of the dam’s abilities are true.

“Approximately 3% of power used in the four corners area…Most of the power from the dam is purchased for commercial use at heavily subsided rates.” (Glen Canyon Institute). Shows who really uses the power and who this will really effect in weather we drain the lake or not. “The Glen Canyon Dam generates 451 megawatts, which is negligible compared to most of the other power generating stations in the regions.” (Glen Canyon Institute). Show how much energy is generated through this dam. “The glen canyon dam does not generate “Clean” power. While we are correct to say there is no air pollution from the dam, the 186 mile long reservoir” (Glen Canyon Institute). Knowing that the power is not clean can alter the opinion of some people. This benefit is something that is not as huge as a benefactor as most but still it contributes to the case that we should keep this man made

With human development, industrial pollution and other factors all contribute to the deteriorated condition of the river, which makes it difficult to determine the dams’ environmental impact in isolation. CITE That said, the current operations of the dam hamper and potentially prevent environmental improvement of the Colorado. In order to preserve some semblance of the Colorado ecosystem, man must restore the natural processes that created the ecosystem. The real question is how to do that, whether via dam decommission or a less extreme policy change.

Many countries are also highly dependent on water that originates outside their borders; the water diversion provided by dams for countries that are downstream exacerbates an already serious problem. The diversion of river systems is an area of international concern, the nature and extent of such interdependency is already extensive: 145 countries share over 261 international river basin. As demand increases, and as indigenous sources of water become fully utilized or exhausted, the only alternatives are likely to be international (Dolatyar, 2006). Ironically, the very solution of one country's scarcity, plunges another into water shortage, this is the reason why water security is one of the most crucial foreign policy considerations of a globally connected economic and political atmosphere.

It is often thought that hydroelectric power is the worst source of renewable power because it’s dangerous for the environment. According to Mathias Aarre Maehlum, “The environmental consequences of hydropower are related to interventions in nature due to damming of water, changed water flow and the construction of roads and power lines. Hydroelectric power plants may affect fish is a complex interaction between numerous physical and biological factors,” (Energy Informative). The making of hydroelectric power plants requires economic changes to make dams and power lines. These things are needed when natural water flow is not provided. Many living things in the water and on the land around it can be destroyed because of the change of the water movement. Dams can affect the environment near its placement. The land around it can be affected in a negative way because of this change. The constructing of roads and power lines can also affect the environment because more land for the people requires less land for the animals and trees. The only way this can be avoided is by evading the making of hydroelectric power plants, which shows that hydroelectric power can unhealthy for other living things and damage its surrounding nature. According to the article Environmental Impacts of Dams, “The dam wall itself blocks fish migrations, which in some cases and with some species completely separate spawning habitats from rearing habitats,” (International Rivers Organization). The making of

Industries and product processing are able to utilize the water stored by reservoirs. Reservoirs alls provide for recreational activities, which can boost local economies. Dams can minimize the risk of flooding by reducing the peak flows and providing more time for downstream notification. Conversely, the storage of water in reservoirs can also pose a great risk to nearby communities in the event that the dam integrity fails.

The dam has also helped in limiting greenhouse gas emissions. However, the dam displaced about 1.3 million people, flooded archaeological and cultural sites and is causing significant ecological problems such as increased risk of landslides and threat to exotic wildlife. It is the world's largest power station in terms of installed capacity with a capacity of 22,500 MW.

Dam-building, even if aiding in a nation’s economic growth, has adverse repercussions on the environment, including loss of biodiversity, population displacement, and leakage of water from the reservoir (Al-Homoud et al., 1995). With the development of economies around the world, in the 20th Century many countries have adopted the construction of dams to push the growth even higher. However, some countries were not recommended to start this new source of energy for different reasons. One of the main examples is Afghanistan. This country wasn’t ready for such a drastic change for three main