The Benefits Of Genetic Engineering

Figure one demonstrates that when light intensity increases, there is an increase in oxygen. This occurs due to lights effect on the photosystem II ability to transfer electrons and hydrogen ions from water to NADP+. An increase of light, increases the rate of water splitting within the chloroplasts, producing the O2 by-product. (Reece, et al, 2015) (Ping et al, 2015)

Photosynthesis and cell respiration are some of the two most important biological processes that organisms go through. Photosynthesis is the biological process plants undergo to convert light energy into chemical energy. In chloroplasts the chlorophyll act as catalysts for this process. The process uses carbon dioxide (CO2) and Water (H2O) in order to produce glucose (C6H1206) and oxygen (02). Thus, it is read as 6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2. Photosynthesis is split into two different processes. The first process is light Dependent meaning i uses energy being absorbed to break down and molecules at a rapid photosynthetic rate. The second process is Light Independent meaning it uses ATP and NADH absorbed during when light was present to breakdown glucose instead. Therefore, Healthy plants are green because Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light, but reflects green light signifying stored light.Some Anaerobic bacteria undergo photosynthesis meaning it can’t grow in oxygen and uses Carbon Dioxide and other substances like hydrogen sulfide to photosynthesis. In general all plants need Carbon Dioxide. (Ensminger, 2014)

To maintain life, organisms must be able to convert energy from one form to another. For example, in the process of photosynthesis, algae, plants, and photosynthetic prokaryotes use the energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to glucose and oxygen (a waste product).

In photosynthesis H+ ions are vital in the production of the energy source that is ATP, which is used in several metabolic processes, such as respiration. The photolysis of water produces H+ ions, electrons and O2. The excited electrons lose energy as they move along the electron transport chain, this energy is used to transport the H+ ions (protons) in to the thylakoid, which causes a higher concentration of H+ than there is in the stroma, thus causing a proton gradient across the membrane. The H+ then proceed to move down the concentration gradient into the stroma via the enzyme ATP synthase. The energy from this process is called chemiosmosis and combines ADP with inorganic phosphate (Pi) to form ATP. Light energy is then absorbed by photosystem I (PS I) which excites the electrons to a higher energy level. These electrons are transferred to NADP with H+ ions from the stroma to form reduced NADP. The whole of this process is

The process of photosynthesis, by which light energy is used to convert inorganic compounds into organic substances with the release of oxygen, may be the most important biological event sustaining life (Keir et al. 2017). In the light-dependent reactions, the chloroplasts of a plant use the pigment chlorophyll to convert light energy into chemical energy. This energy is used to split water and produce oxygen (Eller et al. 2015). The energy is later used in the light independent reactions, where carbon dioxide (CO2) undergoes carbon fixation with the aid of enzyme rubisco, because it catalyses both carboxylation and oxygenation reactions and most of responses of photosynthesis to light, CO2, and temperature (John Evans 2013).

“Photosynthesis is a biochemical process for building carbohydrates using energy from sunlight and carbon dioxide taken from the air”, (Morris, J. (2016) Biology How Life Works. New York, NY.). It is a system that uses plants and specific algae to synthesize molecules from both water and carbon dioxide. The oxygen we breathe and the food we eat is fueled by photosynthesis because it is an energy source. Photosynthesis occurs in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms and some examples are humans, trees, and plants. Biological systems use photosynthesis as an energy source. Where there is a source of sunlight, there is a chance

Microbial Fuel Cells have a large variety of benefits due to its versatility and choice of fuel.

2. In the absence of oxygen some cells and organisms can use glycolysis coupled to fermentation to produce energy from the sugar created by photosynthesis.

1) Organisms that can exist with light as an energy source and an inorganic form of carbon and other raw materials

greenhouse gas production from human activities. This burning carbon has overloaded our earth with detrimental effects, including severe storm, drought, massive fires, thawing of the polar caps, earthquakes, global changes in agricultural productivity and disease patterns. Thus, the dependency on fossil fuels to meet energy demands should be minimized.

For over forty years now, scientists and researchers have been tirelessly searching for an alternative to fossil fuels. Biofuels have become an interesting contender in the search for the replacement of the non-renewable energy source. Biofuels have been used throughout history for over thousands of years. There is a large debate over biofuels and its true impact on the environment. Those involved in the discussion debating whether biofuels have any real overwhelming benefits compared to fossil fuels could argue for its usage. According to recent research performed by the University of Michigan, biofuels may not be the best alternative for fossil fuels. Regardless of its impact on the environment, biofuels are becoming more popular particularly when the price of oil rises.

CCCP, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, is a potent uncoupler of electron transfer from ATP synthesis by blocking formation of the electrochemical proton gradient generated during electron transport by the respiratory chain carriers. This disruption of the photosystem assembly in cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803 has been used as a strategy for the accumulation of distinct transient assembly intermediates. This has provided a critical test of the possibility that partially assembled complexes can be isolated from the CCCP-treated cells in a form in which transient associations with participating assembly factors are retained. In our experiment, Rba. sphaeroides will be used which consists of rows of reaction center-light- harvesting

Photosynthesis and respiration, the most important energetic processes occurring in the cellular membranes, are transforming one form of energy into another. Photosystems are able to transform the energy of photons into chemical energy which is stored in molecules like ATP or NADPH. Furthermore, the chemical energy of reduced compounds by oxidation processes is transformed, by the respiratory chains, also into molecules like ATP (Lodish et al., 2000, Hohmann-Marriott et al., 2011).

Cellular respiration is a procedure that most living life forms experience to make and get chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The energy is synthesized in three separate phases of cellular respiration: glycolysis, citrus extract cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are both anaerobic pathways because they do not bother with oxygen to form energy. The electron transport chain however, is aerobic due to its use of oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is the procedure in which ATP particles are created with the help of oxygen atoms (Campbell, 2009, p. 93). During which, organic food molecules are oxidized to synthesize ATP used to drive the metabolic reactions necessary to maintain the organism’s physical integrity and to support all its activities (Campbell, 2009, pp. 102-103).

     To metabolic pathways involved in photosynthesis are light reaction and dark reaction. The first stage of the photosynthetic system is the light-dependent reaction, which converts solar energy into chemical energy. Light absorbed by chlorophyll or other photosynthetic pigments is used to drive a transfer of electrons and hydrogen from water to and acceptor called NADP , reducing it to the form of NADPH by adding a pair of electrons and a single proton. The water or some other donor molecule is split in the process. The light reaction also generates ADP, a process called photophosphorylation. ATP is a versatile source of chemical energy used in most biological processes. The light reaction produces no carbohydrates such as sugars.