The Benefits of Forests to Societies

The ancient forests of the Northeast aren’t the only aspect of the bioregion that’s fate have been at perpetual risk since the early settlement of Europeans. There is no question that forests still dominate the landscape of Northeastern region accounting for “60% of the total land area, and in New England alone, the coverage is 80%”. Still the species that exist within the understory of the forests have undergone an equally dramatic transformation because of human interaction with the land and the harvest of its resources. Some species in the understory of the mixed forests of the Northeast have been driven out of the region, are under intense ecological pressure, are on the brink of extinction, or have already gone extinct in the region. Perhaps one of the most harmful and impactful effects colonization of the Northeast has had on the resources of the land is the introduction of non-native species and diseases into the region. Over time the overall makeup of the forests have changed drastically as an example, “…the American chestnut once made up as much as 25% of the trees in some areas and was economically the most important hardwood in the Eastern forests”. The introduction of chestnut blight at the turn of the century accounts for

The Forest Unseen shows how nature has a beauty on a much smaller scale than what is seen on the larger spectrum of life. Haskell studied a square meter in the forest for an entire year to examine the smallest of details to show how when the large scale is studied there are many things happening in the small scale. The Forest Unseen allows readers to see how much beauty there is beyond what meets the eye. He consistently supports his main themes throughout the book by citing specific examples. Haskell’s endeavor to discover the beauty of the environment is successful in that he uses scientific and poetic language to draw the reader into his study as he explains his day to day experiences in the forest.

Pines in the forest of Morne des Commissaires is often distorted because of Loranthacee parasite. The parasite is endemic to Hispaniola, l’Arceuthobium bicarinatum Urb. (fig. 11). Even though the plant is being parasitized, it keeps its height and gives an excellent wood. Currently, the pines wood is being exploited in abundance for the need of the “Shada” war (society Haitian-American of agriculture

In the search for new biofuels, research has been done into the digestion of wood waste by fungi.

One excellent use for blight-resistant American chestnuts is reclaiming surface mines. Though other species of trees can survive in the harsh conditions typical of surface mines, they have little to no value as lumber and provide little for wildlife4. Chestnuts would also provide a fast growing lumber source, one that is lightweight, strong, and moderately rot-resistant. Additionally, the large nut crops produced by the American chestnut would increase the ecosystems carrying capacity for wildlife, and moderate population fluctuations that follow mast (nut crop) fluctuations. For these and other reasons which space here does not permit, restoring the American chestnut is worthwhile endeavor.

Julia Quansah Mrs. Fabrizio AP Euro/Global 5/31/17 Thematic Essay During the course of history, global problems became very challenging to many nations and countries of the world. Difficulties such as desertification, deforestation, pollution, and overpopulation caused nations to experience social and economic crises. Problems like these have been ongoing and still exist today.

Our forests are extremely vital and important to our world and society. They supply us with oxygen and other essiential human needs. However, the number of trees in our forests has been decreasing at an alarming rate due to human interaction and other factors. There have been desperate attempts in order to increase the number of trees in our forests as well. Scientists have experimented with biotechnology in order to test factors that affect trees. In this paper, I will review loblolly pines, and mountain pine beetles, and discuss which will have more of an effect on the number of trees in our forests.

Going forward to the mid-20th century, Castanea dentata is almost extinct in American forests. The blight infection has prevented the American chestnut ability to grow to its full height, and only exist as shrubs that sprout from trees that were infected with the blight. Despite being from the same species, different species of the chestnut responded differently to the fungal infection. For instance, the European chestnut (C. sativa) was slightly devastated, while the Asian Chestnut was almost immune to infection C. parasitica; the American chestnut is the only species with

Methods: Due to experimental error in previous labs, we did not obtain the DNA of our original taxa. We then chose to use DNA sequences supplied by the TA from the 2016 and 2017 school year. We picked six fungal taxa obtained from differing parts of English Yew Trees, including its fruit, bark, and leaves. Using the DNA sequences given, we copied the sequence into the BLAST system found on blast.ncbi.gov, making sure to add “fungi” into the organism box and to search for somewhat similar sequences. Once the program obtained the results, we scrolled down to the first result that gave a genus and species name, with an “ITS” in the description. Using the information given in the results, we filled in the information on Table 2, including seq

Borneo's struggle to survive during their struggle with large industrial deforestation and devastation. The government of Borneo is in favor of logging, thus destroying the culture and environment of the indigenous people. They are faced with the destruction of their entire way of life. For generations, their ancestors have lived on this land and been stewards of it. For decades, their government has trampled upon their rights and caused environmental destruction so that a few might get rich, all the while marginalizing the native communities and destroying their livelihoods.

Before its legislation, there were previous attempts at conserving the forest, for example: “[t]he first attempt to establish a more general wilderness policy by the Forest Service came in 1929 when the agency issued Regulation L-20...primitive conditions would be maintained...however, indicated that timber, forage, and water resources could still be developed in these areas. This effort was plagued by unclear directives and the lack of support of many foresters, who favored the use of resources, not their preservation.” (Wilderness Act) Additionally, the second attempt was made in 1939, where a stricter more precise version of the L-20, called U-Regulation were adopted. After the wilderness movement lost momentum around the 30’s, it was revived

There is a symbiotic relationship between the fungus and the tree as both require each other. Trees, for instance, cannot survive if they entirely depended on the photosynthesis process. They require minerals and water which they absorb from the fungus. In exchange, the fungus absorbs sugar from the trees. Through chemical signals, the two communicate. For instance, the softening of the roots is made through such communications. Suzanne also highlights how the fungus acquires the minerals. For instance, they mine the nutrients from the rocks by dissolving them. They also acquire nutrients by hunting insects which are in the soil and also absorbing minerals from dead

Exsudoporus frostii, Frost's bolete, is a fungus first described in 1874. The mushrooms it produces have tubes and pores instead of gills on the underside of their caps. E. frostii is distributed in the eastern United States from Maine to Georgia and Arizona, and south to Mexico and Costa Rica. It is typically found associating with hardwood trees, especially oak. Its mushrooms can be recognized by their dark red sticky caps, the red pores, the network-like pattern of the stem, and a variable blue-staining reaction after tissue injury. Another characteristic of young, moist fruit bodies is the amber-colored drops exuded on the pore surface. Although the mushrooms are considered edible, they are generally not recommended for consumption because

Forests have covered the earth for millions of years, providing habitat and food for animals and humans. These forests have stabilized different ecosystems and have continued the natural cycle that keeps plants and animals in check. The discovery of fire changed all of this. It was the beginning of deforestation, a process that has continued and increased over the last 200,000 years. Humans are the responsible party for the deforestation that has occurred. Humans discovered that animals could be driven with fire. This led to accelerated forest loss due to uncontrolled burning for hunting use (Miller & Tangley 1991: 28). Agriculture was the next problem

The contribution of forests resources to rural livelihoods has global significance. Cao (2012) estimated that about 1.6 billion rural people are dependent on forest resources. The live and livelihood of the people living in and around forests are critically and intricately linked to forest resources (Vasundhara, 1998). Forests seldom provide staple food, but they are the source of a variety of foods that supplement and complement what is obtained from agriculture (e.g. bush meat) and of a wide range of medicines and other products that contribute to health and hygiene (Bryan &Arnold 1997). Apart from that, forests provide NTFPs for subsistence needs and for cash income. NTFPs include fruits and nuts, vegetables, medicinal plants, resin derived from plants or animals, essences, dyes, fish and game and a range of barks and fibers, from various species of plants, including palms and grasses (Nadkarni & Kuehl, 2013).