The Benefits of Introducing at-Home Testing for HIV in Indonesia

The honesty box tries to bring out hidden facts behind the myths told by various researchers concerning HIV/AIDS.  Some of these myths are based on the data presented which are usually inflated to favor funding and to act as a precautionary measure that AIDS exists everywhere. The book opens the ‘honesty box’ on drawbacks of medical research within the tropics. Pisani tackles highly contentious issues with zest, including the possible public health shortcoming of antiretroviral treatment, in addition to the benefits of mandatory HIV/AIDS testing. The author also presents data to show that if couples living in Thailand were to have further premarital sex, then their men would be the least likely to use commercial sex workers and the

Further management include counselling health care provider (HCP) for human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B testing and post exposure prophylaxis treatment (CDC, 2005). Where the source of needle is known, the client is counselled and request for blood test for HIV noting that the client cannot be forced to consent for testing. Treatment is dependent on the level risk and may include a two drugs or three drugs therapy. “Training

HIV and AIDS have had a great impacted throughout varies countries. As an illness with no none cure, it is essential to promote prevention among those at risk. Thailand’s “No Condom, NO sex: The 100% Condom program” was successful at greatly reducing the cases of new HIV infection cases (Levine, 2007, p.10). Thailand’s program has the advantage to serve as a building block to many other countries experiencing high levels of HIV/AIDS infection, but is limited due to

An interview with Professor Kok was used as a foundation for the project and conformed to “preliminary research techniques” (Crosby, Diclemente and Salazar, 2006), practiced among professional health environments. This allowed the efficient planning of the overall Research Development. As the interview was a major primary source within the study, it was useful in supporting, contradicting and reinforcing ideas and concepts argued by various secondary sources. Professor Tuckweng Kok, who specialised in Clinical Virology, providing the investigative report with a professional and honest perspective of the prevalence of HIV. This credibility was reinforced, by the inclusion of specialist terminology in the interview, such as “nucleic acid sequences”,

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS is a pandemic problem affecting global health. At the end of 2015, 36.7 million people were living with HIV/AIDS globally. The rate of incidence is more prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa with almost 1 in every 24 adults living with HIV/AIDS. In the united states, HIV/AIDS is a diversified health problem affecting all sexes, ages and races and involving the transmission of multiple risk behavior. However, with the introduction of various prevention programs and antiretroviral drugs, the incidence of HIV/AIDS has reduced.

New Jersey (NJ) is amongst one of the many states within the United States that has increased investments in the prevention programs for the HIV/AIDS and smoking cessation. Perhaps one of the most important steps that they have taken is the use of rapid HIV testing that they have made available since late 2003. The most successful marketing aspect that they have employed is to allow the NJ users access to undergo application for rapid HIV testing online through the New Jersey's Rapid Testing Sites. These tests aim to help speed up accurate diagnoses of the patients and applicants all through the routine check-ups whether they include counseling sessions, testing websites and sessions, the hiring of appropriate healthcare service providers as well as the appropriate use of emergency departments. The main promotional strategy for these rapid testing sessions is the need for an individual to be completely aware of their HIV conditioning so that they can in turn counter the chance or prospect of transporting or transmitting the disease to others around them. Furthermore, the HIV testing helps the pregnant female applicants as well in reducing the likelihood of transferring the disease to the unborn child through the intake of appropriate medication. Considering their marketing strategy to be that of timely response through rapid HIV testing, it is safe to say that they are using the promotional strategies to good

Medication/therapy noncompliance affects a verse majority of individuals with chronic diseases and on long-term therapy regimen (Mathes, Anthoine, & Pieper, 2014; Foreman, et al., 2012). Noncompliance to antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains the most important predictor in the advancement of HIV status to the diagnosis of AIDS to AIDS related death. In addition, may lead to HIV drug resistance, failure of therapy and initiation of more expensive second line antiviral medication. Therefore, the population of interest in the articles reviewed for HIV prevention and therapy noncompliance varied. Four of the researches carried out in the United States on adolescents and the young adults: (a) on HIV prevention in African American youth and young adults who engaged in illicit drugs use in the southeast region (Cornelius, et al., 2013); (b) 1,500 homeless and substance abuse individuals at the Boston Medical center (Baranoski, et al., 2014). In addition, (c) the 3,000 low-income adult patients in San Francisco county safety-net hospital (Christopoulos, et al., 2014); and (d) 580 participants from the Medicare enrolled membership (Foreman, et al., 2012). Other studies were conducted in other countries such as New Zealand, Denmark, and other countries in African with a very high prevalence of HIV such as, Cameroon, Kenya, and South African (Antoine, & Pieper, 2014; Chaiyachati, et al., 2014; Jonggloed, et

Most-at-risk populations (MARPs)/KPs including sex workers, people who inject drugs, gay men and other men who have sex with men and their sex partners bear a disproportionate burden of the HIV epidemic and accounted for 45% of all new infections in 2015. These population are also greatly marginalized and affected by human right abuses. Criminalization and stigmatization of sex work, drug possession and use and same-sex relationships, and discrimination including by health care workers makes accessing HIV prevention, treatment and care services difficult. To achieve the UNAIDS 90 90 90 target by 2020, and the ultimate goal for ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030, improving health care workers sensitivity to HIV prevention intervention services

testing programs. The Home Access HIV-1 Test System is a home kit that implicates a person’s finger being pricked for a sample of their blood, after the blood is sent to the lab for testing the results would be available on the next available business day. If the results are positive the lab is required to do follow up testing on the blood sample to confirm if the initial HIV result was accurate. The second type of at home HIV testing is the OraQuick In-Home HIV Test, which is used with a swab stick and tube to keep the sample and testing solution. The test is used by passing a cotton swab attached to the stick on the side of the person’s cheek to get an analysis of their oral fluids. Results generally take twenty minutes to be ready. Any time

Getting tested for HIV/AIDs is important for one’s health, relationships, and overall future. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency virus; the virus that causes the HIV infection.HIV is spread through the blood, semen, genital fluids, or a HIV infected woman’s breast milk. However, the most common ways to contract HIV is from having unprotected sex, sharing needles and syringes, or same sex intercourse. The growth of new HIV infections continues to rise. According to the Centers of Disease Control (CDC), currently in the United States 1.2 million people are infected with HIV. Among that large group of people, twenty percent of the people were unaware of their status. Consequently, the twenty

CDC estimates that 1,218,400 persons aged 13 years and older are living with HIV infection, including 156,300 (12.8%) who are unaware of their infection (CDC, 2014). The overall rate of infection still remains high, this increased rate is also seen in the Asian population. According to the CDC, between 2005 and 2014 the Asian population in the United States grew around 24%, more than three times as fast as the total U.S. population, and within this time period, the number of Asians receiving an HIV diagnosis increased by nearly 70% (CDC, 2014). Although the increase is substantial, Asians still only account for 2% of new HIV diagnoses. Of the HIV incidence, meaning new infection, 86% are men, while 13% are women. Compared to 13% of the people in the United States who are undiagnosed, Asian population is at 21% who are undiagnosed. There are behaviors seen across the spectrum that puts people at risk for contracting and spreading the HIV virus, being undiagnosed is just one of them.

In 2010 the awareness of HIV infection was higher in women of 13 years and older than the men. Women consisted of 87.8 percent as the men consisted of 83.0 percent. Overall Healthy People 2020 Targets of the reproductive health services and awareness of HIV infection had both increased needed to reach their target. Within the reproductive health services 78.6 percent was between 2006 and 2010; thus the target for 2020 is 86.5 percent. This would be a 10.1 percent increase needed for the reproductive health services. Whereas within the awareness of HIV infection 84.2 percent was in 2010; thus the target for 2020 is 90.0 percent. This would be a 6.9 percent increase needed for the awareness of HIV infection (Healthy People 2020 Leading Health Indicators: Reproductive and Sexual Health,

In the survey, questions were asked about the participant’s financial income, practice of safe sex and were given HIV tests. The results showed that “HIV was detected in 2.4 percent of the people who were living below the federal poverty line, which in 2007 was an annual income of roughly $10,000 or less for an individual. The 2.4 percent translates to roughly 1 in 42 people” which is substantially higher than the national average, which is “0.45 percent, or 1 in 222 people.” Therefore, it is safe to say socioeconomic status increases one’s risk of contracting Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Summary: HIV is an existing issue in Middleboro and in the United States. Hillsboro county and capital city have the highest rates of HIV/AIDS in the state. 70% of the people living with AIDS in Hillsboro County are white and the remaining 30% of people living with aids are distributed among African Americans, Hispanics and other [1]. In capital city the largest proportion of AIDS patients are white with 48% then African Americans with 36%. New HIV cases are frequently occurring in the male population, statewide there is a rate of 11.5% increase of new HIV infections in adults and adolescents [1]. There has been an Increase in HIV rates in Capital city and Hillsboro County during 2004 and 2014, from 21.3% to 22.9% in capital city, and 17.2% to 20.9% In Hillsboro County [1]. This increase of HIV/AIDS is a call for a population health solution. The rising rates of HIV lead us to believe there are barriers for HIV needs.

To start, it would reduce the barriers of people not feeling comfortable getting tested for a myriad of reasons such as anxiety, cultural stigma, transportation barriers, and uncertainty regarding confidentiality because this service is conducted in the privacy of the client’s home. Furthermore, this intervention would be a drastic improvement of the current OraQuick HIV In-Home Test Kit that is available in local pharmacies. These tests and may be cost-prohibitive in comparison to the free HIV testing that this intervention provides. Moreover, in this intervention, not only will people be able to receive their test results in approximately one (1) minute compared to 15-20 minutes from the OraQuick HIV In-Home Test Kit, this intervention will incorporate a counseling component that previous studies have stated that its crucial in prevention efforts (need citation). Additionally, these services will be free for the clients and no proof of health insurance would be needed with the intention of being inclusive to all interested individuals. Additionally, information about PrEP could be disseminated as well as an effective way to prevent HIV transmission.