The Better Nucleophile

the substitution of one functional group for another functional group. The substitution is made at a saturated carbon atom. A saturated carbon is a carbon atom that is sp3-hybridized. For a compound to be considered a nucleophile they must possess certain properties. Nucleophiles must contain at least one pair of non-bonding electrons and be neutral or have a negative charge. Through nucleophilic substitution the non-bonding electrons are donated to the electrophile. The leaving group can also

Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution is the replacement of one group for another at a saturated, sp3-hybridized carbon atom. This process is often used to interconvert functional groups, such as in the preparation of alkyl halides. In these reactions, nucleophiles attack the carbon atom—which the electronegative leaving group breaks its bond

Fischer Esterification 5. Introduction In this experiment, the Fischer Esterification of an unknown acid and an unknown alcohol was used to prepare an unknown ester. Sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst in the reaction which then was put under reflux. After cooling, the pH of the solution was raised to approximately 8 using sodium carbonate. Diethyl ether was added, then the aqueous layer was removed and the organic layer was washed with sodium chloride. The aqueous layer was removed again and sodium

perform the nucleophilic substitution of alkyl halides: SN1 and SN2. A SN1 reaction, or unimolecular displacement, is a 1st order, nucleophilic substitution that involves two steps. The rate law for this reaction, Rate = k[Rx], doesn’t include the nucleophile in it.1 These two step reactions have a carbocation intermediate. SN1 reactions work best when the central carbon has as many bulky groups surrounding it as possible. These substituents increase the possibility of the carbocation intermediate forming

concentration of the nucleophile does not play a role in the rate-determining step, which is the slowest step in the reaction. All of the SN1 reaction mechanisms in this procedure can react two different ways. The expected mechanism for these reactions would be that the carbocation would react with the weak nucleophile nitrate, attaching the nitrogen to the positively charged carbon. However, while nitrate is the intended nucleophile in all of the reactions, it is a poor nucleophile. The ethanol used

Various experiments were carried out with varying mole ratio of octanol to vinyl acetate for determining effect of substrate on percent conversion. Fig. 4 shows that concentration of octanol to vinyl acetate varies as 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 where concentration of octanol was kept constant. It was delineated that with an increase in concentration of vinyl acetate rate of reaction and percent conversion increases. At a mole ratio of 1:2 the highest percent conversion of 97.31 % was achieved in 20 min,

SN2 reaction. An SN1 is a two-step reaction that occurs when a molecule first forms a carbocation. Once the carbocation is formed, the nucleophile comes in and attaches to the molecule (2). Below is a general reaction scheme of an SN1 reaction: Below is the mechanistic scheme of SN1: In an SN2 reaction, it is a one-step reaction and occurs when a nucleophile attacks a molecule and forces the leaving of a leaving group. Below is the mechanistic scheme of SN2: Reaction kinetics is the study

Title: Competing Nucleophiles (Exp 24, pp 211-221, pp 808-823, pp 836-842) Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the nucleophilic strength of chloride and bromide ions as it reacts with 1-butanol (n-butyl) and 2-methyl-2-propanol (t-butyl alcohol) under SN1 and SN2 conditions. Method: 40 g of ice and approximately 30 ml of sulfuric acid is cautiously added to a 100 mL beaker respectively. Weigh 7.6 g of ammonium chloride and 14.0 g of ammonium bromide and place it in

should occur through the ionization between carbon and –OH bond to form an intermediate.11 This step should be followed by rapid reaction of a nucleophile to wrap up the substitution.11 For this experiment, hydrochloric acid was used to drive off the reaction, which contains a chlorine ion, a common nucleophile. (1)Chlorine ion is more effective as a nucleophile than water; because an ion holds a negative charge and resulting in a faster rate of reaction, whereas water holds a neutral charge, resulting

Discussion The percent yield of the crude product from experiment seven was 77.6%. The melting point of the crude product was 100 ° C – 119.2 ° C. The melting point range was 19.2 ° C. The percent yield of the pure product from experiment seven was 63.2%. The melting point was 100° C – 108.2 °C. The melting point range was 8.2 ° C. The percent yield of benzilic acid from experiment 8 was 66.9%. The melting point was 139.9° C – 143.3 °C. The melting point range was 3.4 °C. According to PubChem, the