The Between Groups Design And The Cross Sectional Design Essay

Within the study, the demographics of the participants were made available, including gender, age, race and ethnicity, marital status, and educational and employment status. Special consideration and statistical analysis was conducted for those in the High

Ages 14 – 18 and older. Including Hispanics, White, Africans and Asian Pacifics. A total of 881 participants.

PSQI, a 19-item tool, assessed self-rated sleep quality measures over the prior month, and with a score of 5 or greater associated with poor sleep. ESS, an 8-item self-rated questionnaire, evaluated the impact of subjective perceived sleepiness on daily functioning in eight different environments with a score of 9 or greater being associated with a burden of day-time sleepiness. ISI, a 7-item tool, identified the presence, rated the severity and described the impact of insomnia with a score of 10 or greater identified as positive for

The type of data the author collected were questionnaires that were given to the participants of the study to obtain demographic data on each participant’s age, race, marital status, education, and their knowledge of the

129 adults participated in this study. There were 64 young adults ages 18-24 and 65 older adults ages 61-89.

There were 135 participants in this study; 57 were male (43%) and 77 were female (57%), and one participant did not report gender. Participants age ranged from 16 to 60 (M = 24.08, SD = 7.84). This sample consisted of 77% Hispanic (N = 104), 11% Caucasian (N = 15), 5% African American (N = 7), 4% Asian (N = 6), and 2% who reported another ethnicity (N = 3).

A total of 74 students participated in our study. All of the students attended Lasell College, their ages range from 18-25, male and female. The study took no longer than 10 minutes.

A misconception that people have regarding delayed sleep phase disorder is that as long as the human body retains six to eight hours of sleep per day, then they should be fully functional no matter when they fall asleep. However, after researching delayed sleep phase disorder, it was clear to see that this disorder affects a person’s social life more than their sleeping schedule. While they are asleep during the day, or during other hours that most of the general population actively socializes, the individuals with the disorder are lacking social involvement and instead trying to retain the recommended hours of sleep. This disorder can lead to fatigue, excessive sleepiness during the day, and disconnection from family and social life 3. Although the lack of social involvement is seen this disorder further affects the body internally such as manipulating the genes that work with the circadian rhythm this affecting the body’s processes, influence gene expression, make the immune system significantly weaker, and the glutamatergic process 1,2. Resetting the circadian clock is not an easy task, but there are possible techniques and treatments for patients with this disorder. The difficulty to reset the circadian clock is explained in a study 2 of people who suffer from neurological

The experimental condition in this study is sleep. So, the group that sleeps well is the experimental group and the group that sleeps poorly is the control group. The experimenters briefed and trained the participants before the start of the two week long Social Rhythmic Metric. After finishing the monitoring period, they turned in the SRM data and completed PSQI, BDI-II. Under standard conditions, the social rhythm is in synchrony with physical zeitgebers that affirm proper circadian rhythm sleep. Overall activity level, regularity, timing and social rhythms, all relate to sleep quality and this study examines the following concepts in a sample of college students. (Carney, Edinger, Lindman, & Istre, 2006) There were 243 participants between 18-39 years of age. 87% of them were female

In this phase, it is importat to emphasize the treatment in going through the steps including the assessment of sleep patterns. The social worker should have an extensive comprehension of sleep patterns so that psychoeducation and hygiene education can give the patient. Key factors in sleep hygiene education are the understanding of the model of sleep propensity, which identifies the two processes of how both external and internal clocks can help control sleep (Zaretsky, 2003). People have different set of clocks, so some wake up late in the morning and extend their evening hours, and vise-versa. Some exhibit extreme sleep practices, but regardless of the difference, knowing one’s type is essential in organizing one’s schedule to enhance productivity and energy (Zaretsky,

Also, reduced amounts of or low quality sleep are major depression predictors. It is recommended by the National Sleep Foundation to achieve seven to nine hours of sleep per night. However, modern society has found us becoming prone to only sleeping six hours and forty minutes, increasing our risk in developing depression. The United States social environment is a large contributor to our depression proneness because of inequality, low social support and intense individual competitiveness. This causes us to be harder on ourselves when our actions result in failure, we become withdrawn and unable to cope with the negative thoughts. Much like boredom, our technology driven society greatly impacts our risk of depression. Excessive internet use has led to less communication in our family unit, small social circles and greater loneliness (Hidaka). While technology appears to have done wonders in regards to our ability to communicate, it has also greatly affected our need for human contact. Often individuals will feel more comfortable texting or chatting than they will in conducting in person communication. The following symptoms can be linked to depression, loss of interest in normal activity, gaining or losing more than five percent of our body weight in one month, excessive sleep or insomnia, feelings of hopelessness and concentration loss (Difference Between). By now we are beginning to recognize the similarities between boredom and depression, because of

Forty eight undergraduate volunteers (24 males and 24 females) from Bryant University took part in this study. The average age of participants was recorded at 20.22 years (SD=1.13). No cultural

This study could have been improved by increasing the number of participants and increasing the ethnic and age diversity of the

This paper has looked into what causes mood and sleep disorders, as well as what can be done to treat them. Even though there is still much to be learned or understood, we are well on our way to finding cures for disorders like depression and fatal familial insomnia. Hopefully, with this paper, people can get a better understanding on what can affect mood and sleep, so that they can take a proactive approach in preventing conditions from arising, and manage them if they

The authors clearly stated that the design of their research used a cross-sectional design.. It would have been beneficial if the authors’ could have noted that the design was a non-experimental and time related.