The Birmingham 1963 Campaign

In addition, according to “Freedom’s Children”, people experience struggles during the Civil Rights Movement. For example, Joseph Lacey, one of the African American witnessed the attack people on the Freedom Riders in Montgomery. Freedom Riders were among the most famous of the Civil Right. It is a protest toward the segregated waiting rooms, restaurant, and buses. Joseph Lacey state in the book that he saw the Freedom Riders beaten. He cried and couldn't believe that human being beat up other human beings like crazy (Text 1: Freedom’s Children, page 73). Joseph Lacey’s description in the book shows one of the struggles that people face during the Civil Rights Movement, violent. And most of the violence happens between different race, even though they are all human being. This is what also makes Civil Rights Movement such an inhumanity movement in America history. The other struggle that people face during the Civil Rights Movement is people get attack by the America police. For example, Children’s Crusade in Birmingham, Alabama, people who attend the march no matter what age may get attack by police or the police dog. Children’s Crusade is a march with more than one thousand student skipping classes and gather at Sixth Street Baptist Church in downtown Birmingham, Alabama. According to “ Freedom’s Children”, Audrey Faye Hendricks mention that when he watched the first demonstrator, the saw a police dog attack an elderly black man watching. He couldn’t believe that the police did not take care of the dog and let it attack an elder man (Text 1: Freedom’s Children, page 78). This description shows one of the struggles that African American who’s in different age face during the march during the Civil Rights Movement, attack by police and the police

In America, the reaction to the protest was very intense. Throughout the protest, the Freedom Riders came across violence and the reaction of the protest was ruthless. While having to delay their journey to change a slashed tire, “one bus was firebombed and the Freedom Riders were beaten (by a white mob). The second bus was similarly attacked and the passengers beaten”.11 In America, there was a Freedom Ride accompanied by the State Highway Patrol, taking their journey headed for Montgomery; but when “local police failed to protect them, they were again beaten”12.

President Kennedy was initially concerned about the march. Multiple incidents in America prior to this protest, have contributed to his concern that the protest would become violent and that the support for his civil rights bill would be weakened. Some incidents include the events that had occurred in Birmingham, Alabama and the 1896 court case involving Homer Plessy and Judge John H. Ferguson. These occurrences utilize violence and industrialize racism and discrimination. ____In 1963, thousands of African-Americans had participated in nonviolent protests, boycotts, and voter-registration drives in Birmingham, Alabama. Although the protesters had exhibited nonviolent resistance, authorities had reacted to their actions with violence. On page

Alabama was often the epicenter of civil rights activism and steadfast perseverance for African Americans during the 1960s. It is where Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. led his congregation and where four little girls were murdered and 22 citizens were injured when the 16th Street Baptist Church was bombed. It is also where Dr. King and other activists planned the march on Washington, where he and others leaders like John Lewis were met with violence but ultimately claimed victory in the Selma to Montgomery March of 1965. And who could forget the powerful images of the Birmingham Children’s Crusade of 1963, where young, non-violent protesters were met with high-power water hoses, beaten with batons and threatened by police

The civil rights movement of the sixties is one of the most controversial times of the last century. Many, if not all, who lived through that time, and the generations following were enormously impacted. At the time passions ran so high that violence at peaceful

The first thing that can be observed upon glancing at George Lewis's book “Massive resistance” is its cover image. It is a photograph of elementary school children and women protesting against desegregation in New Orleans in 1960. The main focus of the picture depicts two women yelling loudly along a sidewalk. At their side, a young schoolboy holds a poster that reads: "All I want for Christmas is a clean white school." Other women and children stand in the background. One person is holding a poster that refers to states' rights, as others gaze toward the street. Two women are attending the event wearing handkerchiefs and curlers, indicating that they possibly had rushed out of their homes to partake in the morning's activities. Above the scene is the book's title, Massive Resistance. To a reader who might be unfamiliar with the general topic of this book, the cover’s text and image might illustrate somewhat of a contradiction. What people fail to consider is that 'massive resistance' did not solely amount to what is visible in the photograph on the book's cover. This does not depict all that stood in the way of African-Americans struggling to gain their civil rights. Women and children yelling from sidewalks with posters was one of many responses used by American Southerners in opposition

This was the turning point of the Civil Rights Movement. Riots, bombings, and more violent acts increased. Later that night huge crowds of African Americans started huge riots with rifles and any other weapons they could find. This even led to deaths of even more African

March 16 saw a demonstration in Montgomery, Alabama in which 580 demonstrators planned to march “from the Jackson Street Baptist Church to the Montgomery County Courthouse” (Reed 26). These protestors included a large number of northern college students. They met a police line a few blocks from the Courthouse and were forbidden from proceeding because “they did not have a parade permit” (Reed 26). Across the street came 40 or so students who planned on joining the group en route to the Courthouse. Eventually a few of the demonstrators dared to cross the street, led by James Forman who had organized the march. When it seemed the whole group would cross, police took action, with mounted officers and volunteers arriving at 1:12 pm. Riding into the small group of protestors, they forced most to withdraw, but a few stood fast around a utility pole where horsemen began to beat them. “A posseman

If words are powerful enough, they can easily change people’s point of view or get them to start thinking about change. Many people can become inspired by the use of these words and how people interpret them. During the Civil Rights Movement, many inspirational rallies and speeches were made to try to advocate for change. The text “How the Children of Birmingham Changed the Civil-Rights Movement” and “The Many Lives of Hazel Bryan” have helped prove how words can inspire change.

Commencing in the late 19th century, state level governments approved segregation acts, identified as the Jim Crow laws, and assigned limitations on voting requirements that caused the African American population economically and diplomatically helpless (Davis, n.d.). The civil rights movement commenced, intensely and assertively, in the early 1940s when the societal composition of black America took an increasingly urban, popular appeal (Korstad & Lichtenstein, 1988). The 1950s and 1960s was well known for racial conflicts and civil rights protests. The civil rights movement in the United States during the late 1950s and 1960s was based on political and social strives to achieve

Over time, the Scottsboro boys grew from boys to men and with the progression of their age so to do the attitudes of this country toward racism. Granted, there are still bigots and racist in the United States and in the south especially, but they are not the majority or the accepted---they are the minority and the outcasts. No one would be proud to say things like, “’There shouldn't be any trial for them damn niggers-- thirty cents worth of rope would do the work and it wouldn't cost the county much.’ --Decatur lunchroom proprietor (p. 211)” Those ignorant phrases are not common place in our country now, but we had to grow to get there. This trial brought about some of that growth, for not only was this something wrongfully done against a group of African American teens, it was injustice done to Americans and there were some in the United States who saw that and color lines began to blur. My great grandfather marched in the Scottsboro march on Washington along side blacks and Indians, all fighting for the same cause. The growth all the way to 1976 when Clarence Norris, one of the Scottsboro boys, came back to Alabama for the first time since the trials and was greeted, not by a posse or mob, but by cheers and outstretched hands to shake of all races.

With just a first glance there is no way to tell that the audience is looking directly at the fervent passion that filled the icons of Martin Luther King Jr., Richard Nixon and Jane Fonda but thankfully the description on the side tells the viewer whose hands are depicted (1). The year is 1957 and the very first civil rights legislation is successfully passed by congress: the voting rights bill (1). Triumph. I sat and witnessed my people rejoicing in their successes but promising to never give up. Photographer and artist, Annette Lemieux, probably foresaw the future struggle the black community would face for generations to come but in her dimensional piece, she captures the struggles of that moment in time unknowingly educating every generation after. Today, we have surpassed the days of Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws, but what has evolved are underlying and often

The Civil Rights movement had caused so much destruction for many people. There were so many challenges that had come between the two different racial communities. Programs such as the Congress of Racial Equality had tested the segregated buses by sitting where they wanted. Many events such as these have attracted so much attention and with the use of television had done its part to inform everyone about the events in the Civil Rights movement. The Use of Television helps alter the public’s opinion and later changed the law.

The Birmingham campaign was a movement organized by King Martin Luther in the spring of 1963 to bring attention to the integration efforts of African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama. In the early 1960s, Birmingham was a very segregated city. This meant that black and white people were kept separated. They had different schools, restaurants, water fountains and even different place to stay. There were laws that allowed and enforced segregation called Jim Crow Laws. The movement which began in April, utilized massive direct action to attack Birmingham’s strongly engrained system of segregation. The protests were co-named “Project C”. The “C” stood for “confrontation”. The protests were non violent and included boycotting downtown stores, sit-ins, marches. The organizers thought that if enough people protested, then the local government would be forced to confront them and this would make national news gaining them support the federal government and the rest of the country. This project C brought national attention to the inequality of America’s economic, legal and social system- attention that led to the civil rights act of 1964.

The media was very helpful during the 1960s, the civil rights movements used the media to highlight those underlining issues and to bring awareness and draw attention of the general public to those issues. Once those issues were broadcast on TV and Radio, people became aware and talked about it, even though those issues already existed but for which no-one would talk about because no one knew or simply ignored it. By the media broadcasting those, suddenly everyone is talking about it.