The Black Sea Economic Cooperation

Through initiatives such as the creation of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC) and Partnership for Peace (PfP), and the establishment of a new Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC), the member countries of NATO have opened the way for new forms of partnership and cooperation with other countries within the framework of the Alliance. On 27 May 1997, in Paris, NATO and Russia signed a historic agreement on their future relations. A few days later a NATO-Ukraine Charter was initialed in Sintra, Portugal, where NATO and Partner countries met to inaugurate the EAPC. A Dialogue with the Mediterranean countries, initiated in December 1995, is also being further developed. New structures and procedures designed to further the internal adaptation of NATO are being introduced. As part of this process, the development of the European Security and Defense Identity

The Russian Federation has been one of the world’s greatest Super Powers and it has been for well over a century. However, is Russia still considered the once great powerful nation that it once was? Although, prior to 2009, Russia was using weapons that were decades old, the superpower continued to maintain one of the largest militaries in the world. Russia’s economy suffered a dramatic hit due to a recession that it is slowly emerging from. The unwavering support of its allies has gradually dwindled due to recent actions Russia’s key leaders have taken; even so, there have been some key improvements over the last few years that prove Russia may be moving towards a brighter future. These few factors weigh into the debate and each

In 2012, Russia formally became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The negotiations on Russia’s accession to the WTO took more than eighteen years to be finished up. It was the longest accession process in the historical backdrop of GATT/WTO. This paper deals with the reasons for the long duration of the accession process, focusing on the period 1993-2008. It also focuses on Russia and the World Trade Organization, Russia’s domestic politics and its implications for WTO accession and argues that the reasons behind the long accession process lie in the Russian domestic politics.

One of the EU's major challenges is that of expansion. The next level of expansion, set in 2004, is to include Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Slovakia, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Malta, and Cyprus. Bulgaria and Romania have been given a date of 2007, and Turkey has been put on hold while it continues to improve its human rights record (The Economist, 2002). On July 1, 1992, the Central European Free Trade Association (CEFTA) went into effect, with the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland as members. Since CEFTA's inception, Bulgaria, Romania, and Slovenia have joined the economic cooperation. CEFTA's goal was to establish a free trade area by 2000 that has the EU's basic trade structure (Richter & Toth, 1994). Although some of these countries will joined the EU in 2004, CEFTA countries continue to promote trade and prepare for accession to the EU (CEFTA,

Ford also reaffirmed that US non-recognition policy of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia’s incorporation into the Soviet Union had not changed. The Helsinki Accords served as the groundwork for the later Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), established under the Paris Charter.

It was clear that Europe was no longer the economic powerhouse that it was pre-war, and handful of Western European leaders achieved the first step towards economic unification in 1957 with the signing of the Treaty of Rome, which created the European Economic Community (ECC), with six member states comprising of France, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany. The community sought economic integration within member states that were distinctly different societies with unique cultures, languages, and currencies, striving for the ultimate goal of creating a single market.

Titanium metal is an important strategic and critical material and is widely used for high performance military and commercial aircrafts (airframes, engines, and landing gear), in power plants, and for a wide variety of chemical processing, infrastructure equipment and several other applications. Titanium metal is produced by highly sophisticated chemical processes and is more expensive than most other structural metals such as aluminum and steel. The highly expensive processes associated with its manufacture and fabrication means that its use is largely restricted to advanced

In this paper I argue how Commodities and Commerce had an impact on the Atlantic World. From the development of the early Atlantic World, or how commerce and commodities impact the relationships between diverse groups of people. Or how they impacted relationships between people and geographic space in the early Atlantic World.

The Anglo-Soviet Treaty was the twenty-year assistance agreement between the United Kingdom and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics that made it possible for the Nations to get protection from Hitler and his army.

Trade sanctions are often associated with a retaliatory action in a trade dispute. Earlier, we looked at the case involving the US and the EU. The WTO had authorized the US to impose sanctions against the EU’s resulting from its ban on hormone beef imports from the US. The WTO is the body set up to promote free trade, and thus, it is strange to see the WTO supporting trade sanctions. However, in this particular case, the WTO judged the best action to be trade sanctions. Then, along with the negative impacts, sanctions can offer positive impacts on trade if applied with the proper and justifiable intention. David Baldwin, a professor of World Order Studies, argues that an economic sanction and free can be compatible. At first glance, this

On one hand a group of historian argues the notion that Brazil and the Caribbean experienced a sugar revolution while on the other hand another group argues that there was no such thing as a sugar revolution, what Brazil and Caribbean experienced was simply a sugar boom.

lowering cost of oil. Therefore, Russia countines to support Syria economically because it will increase their global arms trade. As Russia’s global arms trade grows its influence will continue to grow. This will cultivate the declining ruble and will give relief from the damaging sanctions.

It is crucial for international organizations like NATO to work with individual countries in collaborated efforts to ensure the successful meeting of crucial military and political goals. However, it must be careful what nations it enters into agreements with, as it may have negative ramifications on a global stage. This research explores the political, military, and general considerations for allowing Azerbaijan to into a NATO-led CJTF agreement.

In this paper, the author attempt to shed light on the introduction the international trade policy of Russia. For this purpose, the author studied the international trade pattern of Russia through the analysis of geography, historical and economical factors. The previous studies analyzed the international trade policies of Russia on the basis of their domestic factors. But, the significance of this study rests upon the fact that it endeavors to explore the international relationship with other countries from the economical and political angles. For this analysis, the basic structures of this paper are as follows. First, we stated flatly the overall trade pattern and trade structure of Russia based on the financial transactional data. Second, the commodity structure was found to have a significant effect on the international trade policy of Russia, so I introduced some important components of trade policy which already been taken by Russia. Third, the involvement in regional trade activity was revealed to have a greater influence on the trade policy, so I presented the agreements Russia reached with other countries and emphasize the relationship and disputes with United States. The results of this study suggest the international trade policy of Russia from the perspective of relationship with other countries that should have been considered important.

Saudi Arabia is one of the great countries that has invested so much in all sectors of the economy in the Middle East looking at how this country has been of interest of many explorers and travellers for many centuries with its exotic tastes, smells, people and customs. After getting attention of the audience it would be wise not to deep into details as Saudi Arabians don’t like long speech instead they prefer chitchat before deals can be concluded.