The Body 's Defense Mechanism

The systemic inflammatory response is the next step in the continuum and is a nonspecific inflammatory state that may be seen with an infection. Sepsis is the presence of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) with evidence of infection. As the bacteria invade the bloodstream, they release endotoxins that damage the endothelial cell lining and impair the vascular system, coagulation mechanism, and immune system. These endotoxins also trigger the immune and inflammatory responses, which results in the activation of macrophages and CD4 cells that release proinflammatory cytokines to create a systemic inflammatory response to the pathogen. Hospitalized patients may quickly progress from bacteremia to sepsis and finally to septic shock, even with treatment.

Is aggressive widespread inflammatory response to infection (sepsis) or perceived invader. Also, ischemia, infarction and injury.

The word “sepsis” is derived from the ancient Greek word for rotten flesh and putrefaction. Since then, a wide variety of definitions have been applied to sepsis, including sepsis syndrome, severe sepsis, bacteremia, septicemia and septic shock In 1991, the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) and the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) developed a new set of terms and definitions to define sepsis in a more “precise manner” [1, 2]. These definitions take into account the findings that sepsis may result from a multitude of infectious agents and microbial mediators and may not be associated with detectable bloodstream infection. The term “systemic inflammatory response syndrome” (SIRS) was coined to describe the com- mon systemic response to a wide variety of insults. When SIRS was the result of a suspected or confirmed infectious process, it is termed “sepsis”.

On his death certificate they declared his cause to be Sepsis by an unknown origin. Sepsis is defined as a systemic inflammatory response that occurs within the body due infection within the bloodstream. Common sites for infection that cause sepsis include pneumonia, kidney infections, or abdominal infections. The infection can be either bacterial, viral, or fungal. The most common gram positive organisms include staphylococcus aureus and enterococci. Common gram negative organisms include pseudomonas species and E. coli.

1. Sepsis is a complex immune disorder that is characterized by systemic hyper-inflammation. Where multifunctional endogenous factors, have been implicated in exacerbation of inflammation in many immune disorders including sepsis pulmonary infection with Francisella novicida, a Gram negative bacterial pathogen.

Pediatric sepsis can present itself in a number of ways, it is manifested by: rashes, changes in skin color, decreased amount of urine, lethargy, fever above 1004 F, and disinterest or difficulty feeding, among others (Rory Staunton Foundation for Sepsis Prevention, n.d.) When sepsis takes place, the circulatory system is often the first system to become compromised. Tachycardia, tachypnea, peripheral vasodilation, fever, or worst case scenario, circulatory collapse can happen (Santhanam, 2016). If continued, sepsis can eventually affect multiple organs, also known as multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOBS), or worse lead to death. The signs and symptoms of sepsis reflect the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). As medical doctor Shankar Santhanam (2016) states in the “Pediatric Sepsis,” SIRS can be caused by infectious or

There are many complications that can occur from other illnesses and in all attempts, the healthcare team tries their best to prevent these complications in every circumstance as possible. One of these complications that can arise from an illness including sepsis. Sepsis is known as a systemic infection that is located within the blood and can invade every organ and tissue in the body. If the infection is not treated in time or cannot be controlled, it can progress to septic shock and eventually to multiple organ dysfunctional syndrome. Sepsis is a serious infection and the mortality rate has increased by 50% due to a delay in seeking medical attention with an infection (Davis, 2014).

Sepsis is a systemic over response of the immune system, due to an infection that the body tries to fight. This leads to reduced blood flow to vital organs such as the kidneys and the heart, which often results in multiple organ failure with the possibility of death.

Sepsis and Septic Shock have been my personal topic after the life of young Kamil Williams and a 31-year-old Texas man who both contacted a bacterial infection later turn into sepsis. Although I have not formally studied it during my school or university years, I still find the human body, how it can break down and react to certain ailments interesting. The next question would be why does this happen? Well when there is infection or insult upon the body’s immune system normal reacts and causing an inflammatory response. This normally a good thing and it promotes healing and the resolution of the insult, however in Septic Shock the inflammatory response comes explosive and uncontrollable. According to Allison Hotujec, the author of “Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Protocols,” Sepsis has been called a “malignant intravascular inflammation.” The term malignant is because it is uncontrolled unregulated and self-perpetuating, in the usual immune response here is release of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, these balance to promote tissue

An individual can get a septic infection from many sources, such as surgery, burns, injury, etc. The infectious source can be bacterial, parasitic, viral, or fungal. According to Bernstein& Lynn (2013), Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a clinical syndrome that manifests itself as an acute, nonspecific illness. Sepsis is the first stage of the infection and it manifest itself in many ways, such as an 100.4F or below 96.8F body temperature, white cell count below 4,000 cells/mm3 or, or greater than 12 cell/mm3. If sepsis is not stopped early in its tracks it can lead to sever sepsis which causes acute organ dysfunction, organs such as the kidneys, lungs and heart. If the severe septic infection gets worse, it can lead to the life threating infection, septic shock. Septic shock will reduce the blood

Sepsis was known in the old days as "blood Poisoning" because it is " A poisoning of the system by disease carrying bacteria and their toxins absorbed into the bloodstream, as from festering wounds," according to the World Book Encyclopedia Dictionary. 1 Because Sepsis is a severe and often fatal disease and thought to cause 44,000 deaths a year, it is most important that it be recognized early and treated aggressively with utmost and urgent care. If not treated early it can lead to shock and multiple organ failure and even death. It kills more people than breast, bowel, and prostate cancer combined; however, it can be treated successfully if detected early on. 2. Erin Dean Sepsis does not arise on its own. It stems from another medical condition such as an infection in the lungs, urinary tract, skin, abdomen (such as appendicitis) or other part of the body. Invasive medical procedures like the insertion of a vascular catheter can introduce bacteria into the bloodstream and bring on the condition. Many different types of microbes can cause sepsis, including bacteria, fungi and viruses, but bacteria are the most common culprits. Severe cases often result from a body-wide infection that spreads through the bloodstream, but sepsis can also stem from a localized infection.

An acute nurse knows that the cause of sepsis results from a systemic response to an infection that has entered the bloodstream leading to widespread inflammation. Sepsis leads to impaired oxygenation and tissue perfusion Gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria and fungi enter the blood stream either directly from the site of infection or indirectly as a result of toxic substances released by the bacteria production of bacteremia. Bacteria and fungi live anywhere a micro-organism can grow and remain alive even without a host. Patients can acquire an infection from endogenous sources such as wounds on the skin, genitalia, mouth, or infection of the gestational tract or nose. Exogenous sources include door handles, bathrooms, restaurant/ fast

Sepsis is the result of an uncontrolled activation of the inflammatory cascade resulting in lesions of cells and organs and is defined as the combination of the infection and physiological pathological changes collectively known as the systemic inflammatory

The organisms involved are staphylococcus and pseudomonas sp. About 60% of patients are as a result of cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria and 40% of gram-positive bacteria attach to binding protein on exterior immune cells identified by “CD14” receptors (Dob et al. 2007). Perrin (2009) suggested that that the body react to sepsis in three different phases; “inflammation, thrombosis/coagulation and Fibrinolysis”. The inflammatory phase of sepsis white blood cells discharges “proinflammatory cytokines”, neutrophils and bacteria stimulates the “proinflammatory cytokines” in severe sepsis however damaging the endothelium stimulating the coagulation cascade. Thrombosis is produced as the coagulation cascade is being stimulated giving rise to “procoagulant state” and “endothelial damage”. The final phase; fibrinolysis is slowed resulting to an interruption between clot development and disintegration balance, the imbalance leads to systemic inflammation.

Cell wall bacteria, such as gram-negative organisms and gram-positive organisms, fix to cellular receptors and co-receptors on the surface of neutrophils, macrophages, endothelial cells and urothelial cells (Wagenlehner et al., 2013). The gram-negative bacteria releases endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharides, and the gram-positive bacteria releases exotoxins such as lipoteichoic acids, peptidoglycans, and/or super-antigens. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are then released from the bacteria in the urogenital tract; the mediators released include tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 alpha and beta (IL-1α and β), and IL-6. The complement system, coagulation system, kinin system and neutrophil, endothelial, and monocyte-macrophage cell activity is activated and release anti-inflammatory cytokines, including LPS binding protein, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-10, nitric oxide and other anti-inflammatory cytokines. The