The Break-Up Theory

The author explains the basics of DNA by describing the simple part of it, “proteins are the molecules that do all of the work in every organism, from carrying oxygen, to building tissue, to copying DNA for the next generation” (Carroll 73). He also explained the four bases that are building blocks that are held together by strong bonds and are represented by the letters A, C, G and T. Scientist also learned that A and T always pair with each other as well as G and C, this helps them because if they know one strand of DNA they already know the second because of how the bases match up. The author states that scientists have found about 500 genes that exist in all forms of life, the author explains that these genes are “immortal”. These genes have endured millions of years of evolution and have not been mutated because they are essential for every organism to have; these genes can have important jobs such as decoding of the DNA and RNA and making

Early earth was dominated with carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide are invisble gas that were poisonous. We think this is when life first took hold. Penny Boston and Diana Northern investigate how life can survived here. They went to a cave, Cueva day Pl lose which was filled with hydrogen sulfide. Life is thriving inside the cave. Single cell bacterias snot tights were here. Bacteria are common organism, grow adapt and reproduce. Many bacteria were found and they survive from the hydrogen sulfide. If they can find life here, then life can be formed in early earth.

We find that Anaximander of Miletus (611 B.C.-546 B.C.) advanced the traditional evolutionary idea, already quite common in his day, that life first evolved from a type of pre-biotic soup, helped along a bit by the rays of the sun. He believed that the first animals developed from sea slime which had been evaporated by the suns rays. He also

25. The formation of a phospholipid bilayer membrane around a set of macromolecules was an important step in the origin and early evolution of life. What two advantages of such a system are thought to have allowed the first cells to grow and evolve? (1) The membrane forms a (semipermeable) barrier between the interior of the cell and its environment, and (2) it allows a cell to grow and evolve as a unit, instead of existing as isolated molecules.

Did you know that, at one point, there was no life on Earth? There are many theories for how life began on our planet, Earth; no one knows which theory is true, and humans may never actually know for sure. There is a lot of evidence for each theory, each evidence only as legitimate as you believe it to be. These theories are greatly varied, spanning from life being created in deep sea vents in the oceans to lightning hitting the ground and sending off sparks that form new compounds.

in each of its organisms is simply too well put together. Each part of a living

The Primordial Soup Hypothesis states that a combination of chemicals in the atmosphere and a form of energy combined together in a pond or an ocean. The combination made amino acids which would evolve into the first species on Earth. Alexander Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane compsed this theory in 1920. It was later tested by Stanley Miller and Harold Urey in the Miller-Urey experiment. They used a mixture of gases, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen, and formed basic organic monomers. This experiment gave support for the second point of the hypothesis, that when the atmosphere is exposed to evergy in many forms it can produce simple organic compounds.

And, as it is thought that billions of rocks came to Earth from Mars when the solar system was young, couldn’t life have come to Earth, too? Maybe, and the possibility certainly shouldn’t be totally ruled out when we consider this evidence. If lithopanspermia is possible (which the astronomer admits is unlikely), “countless worlds could be encrusted with biology”, according to the astronomer.

One of the theories explained that life on Earth originated from the comets and asteroids that came from the outer space. Comets are rocks that contain cores made of ice and dust. Asteroids are small rocky objects that orbit around our sun.

The Soviet Biologist Alexander Oparin created the Primordial Soup Hypothesis in the year 1920s’. The scientist claimed the origin of biomolecules came from the transformation, during the gradual chemical evolution of molecules that contain carbon in the Primordial Soup in other words; life began in a pond or ocean when chemicals combined and evolved into the first species on Earth. There is no evidence found to prove this theory. Even recently

One of the most revered investigations of Abiogenesis (life arising from non-living matter) is the Miller-Urey experiment conducted in 1952. This experiment (as depicted) involved the simulation of primordial conditions on Earth and testing whether “natural stimulation” such as lighting and heat could have resulted in the synthesis of simple organic compounds. Several compounds thought to have been abundant in the atmosphere 3.8

The Primordial Soup Hypothesis states that life began in water (pond, ocean, ect.). It suggests that chemicals from the Earth's atmosphere combined and this created amino acids. These amino acids would later evolve into all the species. A. I. Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane fabricated this theory. The theory was presented in 1924. In 1953 an experiment was conducted called the “Miller–Urey experiment”. The experiment based around placing molecules (of the early Earth's atmosphere) into a closed system. Gasses and electric shocks were added in the system to simulate the environment of the early earth. After a week about 15% of the molecules were now organic and 2% were in the form of amino acids. This evidence supports the theory of Primordial Soup.

In 1924, the Soviet biologist Alexander Oparin proposed a theory of the origin of life, Oparin believed that during chemical evolution of molecules that have carbon in Primordial Soup. The theory suggests that life began in a body of water, resulting into the combination of chemicals from the atmosphere and a form of energy to create amino acids which evolved into all of the species. Chemist Stanley Miller and physicist Harold Urey conducted an experiment in 1950 to test Oparin’s theory. They mixed gases thought to be present on primitive earth such as: Methane, Ammonia, Water, and Hydrogen. They then sparked the mixture to represent the lightning, and amino acids were produced; the building blocks of proteins.

The Life Force, is an article on Harvard molecular biologist Jack Szostak. Szostak is a very accomplished scientist who played a major role in identifying the function of telomeres. He has now shifted his focus to the origins of life. Szostak’s goal is to, “fiddle around with a few ingredients of his own and watch as they spontaneously assemble themselves into genes inside simplified cells that copy themselves and demonstrate the first emergent signs of Darwinian evolution. The origin of life. Again. Only this time in a lab.” (Service 1032). Szostak says that there are eight large problems that must be solved to display Darwinian evolution and that he has conquered three of them so far. The article outlines the struggle of creating raw ingredients is not enough, and that conditions and other factors must be considered. It also give a brief history of Jack before diving back into the origin of life topic. This is where we get to the idea of the “RNA World”. After many conversations and experiments, Szostak conclude that this could not be true, RNA could not do it on its own. “The molecules needed to be isolated and confined. Some sort of cell membrane probably was needed, both to

Analyzing ATP together with other molecular fossils, scientists have discovered that catalytic RNA and molecular fossils are closely related to nucleic acids; suggesting that RNA was crucial to earth’s first life. This observations support the RNA world hypothesis, that earth’s first life used RNA for basic cellular process rather than the mix of proteins, DNA and RNA used by current organisms (Lazcano et al. 283).