The Bretton Woods Agreement

In the first part the article lists out infamous failures that has gained top of the line mention for the sheer magnitude of the projects and the money involved. The study reveals various facets of ineffective project management where billions of dollars went waste and some projects had to be shelved midway. Some projects involved contractor failure, while others poor requirement determination, some ineffective stakeholder management, while some others lacked research oriented development, poor estimation and

Ever had that one friend? The one who tries to help, but no matter how hard he tries, he just aggravates the situation. This friend, Steve, insists he is helping, and those around, too, would support that he is indeed helping. But Steve is actually worsening the circumstances. He is like countries who provide foreign aid to less developed countries. Foreign aid, defined as “the international transfer of capital, goods, or services from a country or international organization for the benefit of the recipient country or its population,” can be military, economic, or humanitarian (“Foreign”). It is often granted to less developed countries in order to evoke government reforms or to stimulate economic growth. However, foreign aid neither elicits government reform, nor does it consistently and reliably stimulate economic growth; therefore, the United States should discontinue providing foreign economic aid.

Throughout history and present day times, many countries such as Germany, France, and Canada have provided assistance and aid to underdeveloped countries to help alleviate poverty. The United States itself issues aid to developing countries which include Israel, Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Ethiopia; this has been an American practice since 1947 after World War II. During the time period from 1947 to 1949 the United States, under the Marshall Plan, provided both financial and technical assistance to Europe and Asia after the war. As a result, Europe was rebuilt both politically and economically. Today the United States continues to provide aid to underdeveloped countries, helping them evolve and strengthen their economy. Many Americans believe that America is doing the right thing in issuing aid, while others hold the opinion that the United States should not issue aid, and that the issue of money to developing countries needs to stop.

The United States has a very long history of intervening within other countries, whether it is for political reasons or otherwise. U.S. intervention started along with the establishment of the United States. This long history still continues strong up until today. Although the U.S. often intervenes, the justified reasons for these interventions are often very unclear, but there are a few repeating trends. First, the idea that it is America’s responsibility to spread democracy to developing nations is a very repeated tendency. The goal of these interventions is to set up an American style government, whether the country likes it or not. The second ideal is to bring freedom and safety to the civilian population of the intervened

Underlying conditions that terrorists seek to exploit were reduced. This was a measure that was used to reduce the chances of unlawful attacks on the globe. U.S partnered with the international community to empower weak states and prevent emergence of terrorism. To date, this can be seen in Libya, Cote Devore and Somalia where the states have no proper governments. The international troops have been deployed in the above states to ensure that terrorists do not utilize such loopholes to attack the citizens.

It merely addressed the problems within “underdeveloped” countries, without taking into account the effects that colonialism, war, and natural disasters may have had on the ‘development’ of certain nations. The idea that, “the ‘laws of development’ are supposedly the same for all , and ‘win their way through with iron necessity’,” and the emphasis on self-ambition, and self-generated consequences also demonstrate the North American interest. These concepts are very similar, if not identical, to the American idea of equal opportunity. Furthermore, they sought to define these countries by their actions and the individual mentalities of their populations rather than account for outside forces. Such carefully crafted diction, removed the United States from fault, while simultaneously justifying its hand in international

The act of cutting spending from other sectors could potentially have a negative impact on the national security of the United States. One of the most important sectors outside of defense spending related to boosting the strength of national security is foreign aid. Foreign aid has been used as a tool by the United States to stabilize weak states and build alliances with states that could potentially become dangerous adversaries in the future. One of the most significant historic examples of foreign aid was the Marshall Plan in the aftermath of World War II, a conflict in which much of Europe had been decimated by the violence of the war and was unable to rebuild without outside aid (Sarkesian 12). The United States had emerged as the strongest

development but also arise in large part from the approach the United States has taken to the

The United States stepped up and defined its role as “world police” at the onsite of communism in the 1900s. The U.S. assumed the role in an effort to assist countries by intervening in their governments. However, today we are facing an era of terrorism, and the United States is still concerning itself with this role. Along with “policing” the world, the U.S. has concerned itself with loaning aid to poverty ridden nations. This is dangerous because when nations become dependent on foreign aid, they expect it. What happens when the aid is withdrawn from them? Picture a country in extreme poverty. The people are desperate, and with desperation comes impulsiveness. Without

“The goal of this article is to determine empirically whether and how the United States has maintained aid allocation patterns consistent with its overarching security objectives” (1146). There are three hypotheses in the article that give a solution to why the U.S. is a “fair-weather friend” and their possible reasoning. Firstly, the authors try to make the readers understand that it is the United States’ strategy to aid allies or states and in that strategy there is another strategy to pick out who and how much help. During Bush’s presidency, after 9/11 he made a speech saying that our battle with terrorism doesn’t stop until all terrorist groups are defeated which gives a sense that “as the lone superpower in the international system, the United States has an interest in stability everywhere on the globe” (1148). Having said that, what the authors are trying to do is see if we actually held the claim of “the war on terror” and to do that, they show from hypothesis 1, which basically says that if the volume of attacks increase on a state, they are more likely to receive U.S. foreign aid and if they are already receiving aid, they are more likely to receive even more aid (1149). So first the authors introduce the verbal side of the U.S. to show that we have an interest in terrorism

   Many critics of America's policies on foreign aid claim foreign countries have used America to build themselves up to a position of self-reliance, then refused to make promised or implied concessions to the US, when they no longer see the need to cater to American interests any longer.  The aid is justified partly by a sense of charity and responsibility towards the world, but there were also political

In many eyes, the USA could be perceived as the world leader, the innovator and main influence across the world (Eftimiades, 2014, p32). However, I believe that compared to the late 20th century, the USA is not as influential as it once used to be. This has been seen by numerous embarrassments and mistakes by the USA in the past 15 years (McCoy, 2010). Examples such as leaked confidential American documents, political gridlock and unsuccessful wars in Iraq and Afghanistan has undermined the power of the US and home and abroad. Another reason why I believe America has lost power in the 21st century is the trend of creating ‘communities’ of countries such as the European Union and the ASEAN, which allow for free trade and other agreements,

America is known today for being a global police force, implementing democracy and promoting world peace. As the nation expanded, America got more and more involved in foreign affairs and policies. Whether it was wars or colonial expansion, the US was extending its hand in the affairs of other nations or regions. While we are hated in many countries, it is undoubtedly true that we are the world’s leader in peace promotion and solving global epidemics. America has evolved to be the leading disaster relief nation, as well as the most substantial supporter against terrorism. While it is hard to pinpoint, I believe America’s role in the global community should be that of a referee.

Designing a development project requires a knowledge, analyses, and problem solving skills. Often, the success of the project depends on the quality of its design, the inclusiveness of the stakeholders, and other factors. As a project aims to solve a community problem and to create economic growth, it cannot be treated as an isolate activity without relationships with the environment where it is implemented. Even though a development problem appears to be a technical problem and can be solved by a technical solution, its scope might be larger than it is thought. For example, a low agricultural productivity in a developing country might be solved by providing farmers with improved

40 year cold war ended. As stated the U.S. uses foreign aid as a tool to