Caral Supe Essay

If ancient civilizations did not invent new ideas and machines, the world would not be in the spot it is today. Innovation is necessary for the continuation and improvement of a society. Ancient cities in the River Valley were very intelligent and knew how to use the resources they could find. Civilizations in the Middle East and Asia, circa 3,000 BCE, showed great success in the areas of government, science and technology, and writing. The cities made advancements in government and the security of their lands.

Many civilizations fail due to human's activity. A famous example would be the Easter Island who failed to see the long-term effects they had on their island. But other civilizations decline is not directly related to human activity.

Distinctively visual representations allow the audience to envisage different purposes crafting emotions which stay with us forever. Graphic depiction is a fundamental characteristic within distinctively visual, thus the audience is able to be exposed to the intense illustrations exemplified by composers. Spudvilla’s portrayal of “Woolvs in the sitee” demonstrates the child’s inability to reconcile with himself. Contrasting to this notion; the playwright “Shoe-horn Sonata” to expose the brutal reality of POW camps during WWII. Therefore, distinctively visual forces the audience to succumb to the barriers society creates.

All the way from the start of civilization through to the Early Christianity there has been a pantheon of; destruction, recognition, wars, cultural diffusion, religious breakthroughs, laws that have been established, kings and queens crowned and dethroned. The Mesopotamian Civilization it was the land between two rivers the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers that civilization first began.

The first civilizations, the foundations for future empires, were all founded and created between 3500 B.C.E. and 500 B.C.E. by groups of nomadic peoples who decided to settle in an area for certain group specific reasons. Some of the main states of the first civilization were Mesopotamia, Norte Chico, Egypt, Indus Valley, China, and Olmec. The second wave civilizations, built between 500 B.C.E. and 500 C.E., included the Persians, the Greeks, Romans, Chinese (Qin and Han), and India (Mauryan and Gupta). The first wave civilizations were sparked by the agricultural movement that led to the settlement of large groups of people in areas that became the cities and states that formed these first civilizations. The rise of civilization led to

The time when iron was beginning to be used primarily for making tools is referred to as the Iron Age.

From 250 A.D. to the late 1500’s A.D., three civilizations, the Mayans, the Aztecs, and the Incas controlled Central and South America. Their decline happened for many different reasons. The Spanish conquistadors was one of the most common and deadliest, due to their advanced weapons and diseases they brought. It seems that wherever the Spanish went, bad things always happened. Innocent people were killed for no reason, cities were massacred and civilizations were destroyed.

In 1950, V Gordon Childe drew up a list of traits of to what he considered to be the common characteristics of early civilizations. According to Fagan & Scarre, a recent archaeologist Charles Redman divided Childe’s list into primary and secondary characteristics. The primary characteristics included cities and states, together with full-time specialization of labor, concentration of surplus, and a class-structured society. For the secondary, the characteristics included symptoms or by-products of these major economic and organizational changes: monumental public works, long-distance trade, standardized monumental artworks, writing, and the sciences (arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy)(Scarre and Fagan 2003). One of the most common characteristics involve was a large, dense population living in a city. This essay well state and describe two early cities in Mesopotamia and explore the layouts and characteristics of these two cities. Also, whether each city is unique or share common characteristics with each other. The two cities are Maskan-shapir and Ur.

The Minoans were a civilization who flourished from 3000 BCE until 1100 BCE on the island of Crete, were greatly influenced by the Phoenicians, Egyptians, Syrians and the Anatolians (Britannica Encyclopedia). This civilization made major contributions to Western European development in the areas of language, architecture and art. It was the famous archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans who made the astounding discoveries at Knossos in the early 1900’s that introduced to the world the fascinating and wonderful sophistication of these early Greeks (Britannica Encyclopedia). The history of the island has been molded by its proximity to the Aegean Sea. Its geographical location gave it control over the sea and the lucrative trade routes. The Minoans traded with Egypt, the Levant, the Aegean, and beyond to Italy, and Sicily.

Two thousand years ago the American southwest was populated by a group of people called the Anasazi or “the ancient ones”. They began to build a series of great housing complexes and by the middle of the 12-century the Anasazi disappeared and no one knows why. These early Anasazi were nomadic hunters-gatherers ranging over great territories then began to settle in communities such as the Chaco Canyon which is now in New Mexico. Four hundred years later Spanish settlers stumbled upon these cities and called it Pueblo Bonito.

Arnold Pacey published Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand Year History in the year 1991. Arnold Pacey was an associate lecturer at The Open University in Britain as well as an author to three additional books: Meaning in Technology, The Maze of Ingenuity, The Culture of Technology. He published all four of his books within a ten-year span. Arnold Pacey was trained as an engineer but is well known as a historian of technology because of the conclusions he drew of society and technology and their relationship. Society is defined as the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community. Technology is defined as the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry. Technology influences every aspect of our lives today, but we often forget that it profoundly affected the lives of past generations dating back to the beginning of civilization. Perhaps not to today’s extent, but the impact was still dramatic. New inventions or innovations produced more food, created new processes and tools, made life easier and made war more devastating. This course traces the evolution of technology and its impact on civilization from the creation of elementary tools up to today’s latest devices and even looks into future technologies.

The Pyramids at Caral Supe are significant as they show one of the earliest settlements in South America, built by the pre-Colombian civilization the Norte Chico. It gives insight on what kind of foods, pastimes and religious beliefs these ancient people had. First discovered in 1905 by a German archaeologist it wasn’t until the site was further excavated by the chief archaeologist, Ruth Shady and her associates, Jonathan Haas and Winifred Creamer, that the historical importance was truly discovered (Shady, An Interview with Dr. Ruth Shady, 2001). In 2009 it was listed as a world heritage site by UNESCO (The Sacred City of Caral Supe, 2008).

Jared Diamond (2005) defined the collapse of a society as a “drastic decrease in human population numbers and/or in political, economic, or social complexity, over a considerable area, for an extended period of time” (p.3). Civilizations have risen and fallen throughout history, however, few collapses were as spectacular as the those of the three pre-Colombian civilizations of Mesoamerica: the Inca, the Aztec and the Maya. History has been persistent in blaming the Spanish Conquest for the loss of the Mesoamerican civilizations. And while the arrival of the Spanish did cease the development of these cultures in a dramatic and definitive way, in hindsight, each of these civilizations were lost as a result of endemic warfare that occurred

Cities, central government, writing and record keeping, highly organized religion, specialized workers, social classes, and complex technologies are all words to describe a civilization. Mesopotamia, Teotihuacán, and Olmec have the properties needed to be considered a civilization. Mesopotamia is divided into city-states (Conlin et al., 2017). Eridu, Uruk, and Babylon were a few cities located in Mesopotamia (ibid). Ziggurats and temples were important buildings in Mesopotamia; as they were used for religious purposes (ibid). The olmecs had two main cities: La Venta and San Lorenzo (Azad et al., 2017). San Lorenzo was the oldest of the two cities (ibid). La Venta was smaller than San Lorenzo and was known for their basalt statues (ibid). Each city was ran by their

The ancient world of Mesoamerica entered a long period of change that soon led to the development a mammoth city that would serve as a regional center for more than 600 years. Beginning in about 1000 B.C. the majority of the people in the Valley of Mexico relocated to one of two primary sites, that of Cuicuilco in the southwest corner and Teotihuacan in the northeast. By about 300 B.C., Cuicuilco dominated the region, but its heyday would soon diminish. (Sabloff 2000, p 60)