serious consequences on the body’s vasculature including unstable and stable angina, myocardial infarctions, sudden cardiac death, transient ischemic attacks, cerebrovascular disease and more. The most common cause of myocardial infarctions (MI) is ischemic heart disease, and in turn, MIs are one of the leading causes of heart failure because they directly alter the structure and function of the heart. Heart failure can be described as the inability of the heart to adequately fill or contract in order
Estrogen and Cardiovascular Disease Early studies on estrogen set out to research why women live longer than men. It was believed that it was due to the difference in hormone levels between the two. In previous years it has been common for women to take estrogen as a hormone replacement therapy (HRT) when they reached menopause. Several studies were showing that estrogen had all of these beneficial effects such as protection against ischemia disease, and acting as a vasodilator by opens up blood
tissues, organs, and organ systems rely on a constant state of perfusion, which as defined by Caroline (2013), “is the circulation of oxygen and nutrients at the cellular level and removal of waste products of metabolism for elimination.” Perfusion throughout the body is achieved by a number of mechanisms primarily orchestrated by the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, each working in concert with one another to prevent hypoxia and an accumulation of wastes. Both systems play a distinct role in
The impact of carbonyl compounds on the cardiovascular system In addition to nicotine, e-cigarettes emit other potentially harmful constituents like carbonyls that result from thermal degradation of propylene glycol and glycerol; which are the most commonly used solvents in e-liquids [PMCID: PMC5226727]. Several studies reported that aerosols from these devices contain significant levels of carbonyls, including various aldehydes; such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein. [PMID: 23467656],
(figure 3), inducing their expression (Chilov et al., 1999) that results in greater glucose uptake and lactate efflux, reduction in mitochondrial respiration and increased blood flow through the vessels, which augments oxygen and energy delivery to the heart and maintaining cardiac function. These observations demonstrate that the constitutively expressed ARNT and HIF-1α accumulation are the prerequisites to HIF-1 mRNA expression, confirming that activation of HIF-1 primarily depends on hypoxia-induced
are various components involved in the management of electrolyte equalization. An arrangement of complex connections between cardiovascular, renal, endocrine, cerebrum, pneumonic, and vasculature structures. Despite the fact that Hyponatremia can start from a variety of predecessors, instances of fluid and electrolyte irregularity 's incorporate essential periphery vasculature forerunners. The key structures included in a circumstance of hyponatremia incorporate vessels, channels, interstitial fluid
instead of being integrated into cells to provide structural elements and offer nourishment. Since these nutrients are not incorporated into cells, they buildup and eventually generate micro and macro-vascular damage as well as failure of the organ system. Therefore, the buildup of these substances can be simply described as the incident of cellular starvation when there is plenty. There are different kinds of diabetes that differ in relation to their causes, severity, and impact on personal health
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in developed countries. Pathological processes in the heart are associated with differential expression profile of genes know to be important for cardiac function. Current understanding of cardiac gene expression illustrates that transcriptional regulation is the major regulator, where transcription factors bind to regulatory enhancer/promoter sequences in order to activate gene expression. Nuclear factor κB (NFκB) is one of the main
adequate amount of oxygen and nutrients to sustain the increased metabolic demand. If individuals engage in frequent exercise, the cardio-respiratory system and targeted skeletal muscles become stronger and more efficient relative to individuals that do not engage in exercise. It was hypothesized that at rest athletic individuals would have a lower resting heart rate and at peak performance athletic individuals would have a higher VO2 and a-v O2 difference with a lower TPR, compared to non-athletic individuals
hypertension is characterized by elevated intrapulmonary pressures which cause dynamic changes to the cardiovascular system of the affected individual. The adequate functioning of the cardiovascular system is vital to the survival of the patient so while treatment is rarely curative, with the exception of organ transplant which will be discussed later, the main goal of medical therapy is to optimize cardiovascular functioning and stop disease progression allowing people living with this disease the best possible