serious consequences on the body’s vasculature including unstable and stable angina, myocardial infarctions, sudden cardiac death, transient ischemic attacks, cerebrovascular disease and more. The most common cause of myocardial infarctions (MI) is ischemic heart disease, and in turn, MIs are one of the leading causes of heart failure because they directly alter the structure and function of the heart. Heart failure can be described as the inability of the heart to adequately fill or contract in order
identify key clinical findings of pulmonary embolisms and signs of deterioration in an effort to help improve prehospital recognition within the EMS community. Normal Physiology In a normally functioning body, the various tissues, organs, and organ systems rely on a constant state of perfusion, which as defined by Caroline (2013), “is the circulation of oxygen and nutrients at the cellular level and removal of waste products of metabolism for elimination.” Perfusion throughout the body is achieved by
adequate amount of oxygen and nutrients to sustain the increased metabolic demand. If individuals engage in frequent exercise, the cardio-respiratory system and targeted skeletal muscles become stronger and more efficient relative to individuals that do not engage in exercise. It was hypothesized that at rest athletic individuals would have a lower resting heart rate and at peak performance athletic individuals would have a higher VO2 and a-v O2 difference with a lower TPR, compared to non-athletic individuals
hypertension is characterized by elevated intrapulmonary pressures which cause dynamic changes to the cardiovascular system of the affected individual. The adequate functioning of the cardiovascular system is vital to the survival of the patient so while treatment is rarely curative, with the exception of organ transplant which will be discussed later, the main goal of medical therapy is to optimize cardiovascular functioning and stop disease progression allowing people living with this disease the best possible
Title: Salt Restriction in Hypertension and the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Affiliation: Medical University of the Americas Author: Asma Islam 59-55 47th Ave Apt. 9C Woodside NY, 11377 1(347) 679- 6942 iislamasma2@aol.com Mentor: Dr. Sandeep Kacker Article Word Count: 5, 690 Hypothesis: Dietary sodium reduction aids in preventing future cardiovascular disease in those with hypertension Table of Contents Abstract..................................................
Estrogen and Cardiovascular Disease Early studies on estrogen set out to research why women live longer than men. It was believed that it was due to the difference in hormone levels between the two. In previous years it has been common for women to take estrogen as a hormone replacement therapy (HRT) when they reached menopause. Several studies were showing that estrogen had all of these beneficial effects such as protection against ischemia disease, and acting as a vasodilator by opens up blood
in all diabetes model rats. Furthermore, ET-1 level was highest in the FHG group. Combining the previous researches and our results, BGF might increase the risk of cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients. Oxidative stress is associated with postprandial hyperglycaemia via destroying the natural antioxidant defense of systems and organs 7. SOD activity indirectly reflects the antioxidant capacity, and the level of MDA indirectly reflects the degree of cells damage by oxygen free radical
If the heart is compromised, it can compensate for a time by pumping harder and faster, but at a certain point, it is so over worked that it can no longer over exert the force of contraction and pump more volume out to the tissues. “The stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood in the ventricles, before contraction (the end diastolic volume)
Hypertension is defined as blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg on two or more blood pressure readings taken at each of two or more visits after initial screening. There are two types of hypertension which are the primary (essential) hypertension and secondary hypertension. Essential hypertension is referred to patients with hypertension without any secondary identifiable cause. Secondary hypertension has an identifiable cause, such as renal artery stenosis or pheochromocytoma, and is managed
Introduction If the endothelium were to be considered an organ, it would be without a doubt the largest, with its 6 trillion cells, area of 5000m2, and 1kg weight. With knowledge of the endothelium stemming back to the early 1600s with William Harvey’s work on the circulation as a closed circuit with a pump and Marcello Malpighi’s observations of blood capillaries, the focus over the next 400 years was mainly on the pump itself, leading to the creation of a major clinical field – cardiology. Although