The Case Of The Us Brazil Cotton Subsidy Dispute

“The increase in consumption of raw cotton has been rapid and steady for beyond all precedents in any other manufacturer” (Beckert, 86). The process of cotton has increased since the production had started and many places which could produce cotton, can no longer keep up with the demand that is being asked. The third main point is the expansion of cotton in other parts of the world, cotton was being grown everywhere. Brazil cotton first got to England in 1781 and surpassed Caribbean. “By the 1780s, slaves in the West Indies and South America . . . on world markets” (Beckert,94).

The evolutionary history of cotton played an important role in the heritage of the British Empire, the United States(U.S.), and India. Cotton continues to be an important crop and commodity throughout society. The history of Cotton is one of the most important factors to our society currently. Cotton cultivation dates back over 7,000 years, seeds of cotton are found all over the world. Cotton is hugely important throughout the world, making cotton useful to make a number of textile products. Since cotton is used and produced on such a widespread industry, cotton’s largest producers are China and India. However; the largest exporters of raw cotton are the United States and Africa. The advancement in cotton textile industries, and the worldwide vast cultivation of the crop is the product of human demand towards the farming, production, and export of cotton.

Cotton is big business, it “ranks just behind corn, soybeans, wheat, and hay among the leading cash crops of United States”[1] “U.S. Cotton accounts for more than $25 billion in products and services annually”[2] In the U.S. Cotton Market Monthly Economic Letter for February 2010/2011 the US ranks among the largest producers of cotton worldwide, coming in third with roughly 16% of world production behind China (26%) and India (22.5%), and before Pakistan (7.6%) and Brazil (7.1%) with the rest of the world accounting for the remaining 20%. The US is the world’s largest exporter with more than 40%.[3] The US has a clear interest in Cotton, its rules, regulations, and as Brazil knows all too well, its subsidies.

How does the WTO resolve trade disputes? How is the WTO’s dispute settlement mechanism different from the GATT’s dispute settlement process?

In this paper, I will summarize the banana trade war between the European Union and the United States. I will examine the information, explain the argument, and explain the affects this banana war has had on economies and laborers. I will also investigate Chiquita’s role, the US’s retaliation, examine the rules and regulations of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and explain their role in the dispute. Lastly, I will provide my assessment of the dispute and how I would resolve it acting as a representative of the WTO. This paper is outlined to answer each task to ensure evidence is provided to support my findings regarding the banana trade war.

Established under the Marrakech Agreement in 1995, the Geneva based WTO replaced GATT as the center of world trade system. Its core principles are to promote market liberalization, non-discrimination and provide legal structure for international trade. Same as GATT, it provides forum for trade negotiations and administers trade agreements. In addition, WTO also supplies mechanism through which governments may resolve trade disputes, review and propagate the national trade policies, provide useful data and information, and to ensure the coherence and transparency of trade policies through surveillance in global economic policy-making. The Decision making

GATT Article III has been nullified and impaired. The WTO resolution panel will use the Japan—Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages case’s “like” products test and the tariff classification test to establish the presence of nullification and impairment. The MF and Dabi are Members of the WTO and they both must abide by the WTO Agreement. This Agreement gives WTO Members benefits in return for their commitment to the Agreement. The MF is not complying with GATT Article III, Section 1 in that the MF is protecting their domestic beef products by regulating the importation of Dabi’s beef products without enough scientific evidence to support the negative effects of Xamil. Imported beef products must be treated the same as domestic beef products. Dabi’s and the MF’s beef products are like products due to identical end users and the beef’s properties. Until more compelling scientific studies are conducted to prove that Dabi’s and the MF’s beef products are not like products, the MF’s regulation of Dabi’s beef products is inconsistent with Article III. In order to conduct the tariff classification test, the WTO’s Harmonized Tariff Schedule system must be used.

This research paper centres on the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the single undertaking rule. I will start this paper by giving a brief introduction of the World Trade Organization, its membership, functions and structure and its way of operation. Further, I will give a concise introduction on the Single Undertaking rule before asserting my view on the effect the Single Undertaking Rule in the WTO. I will go into great lengths to explain why I believe the removal of this rule would lead to a more effective WTO and multilateral trading system. To support my view, I will briefly explain the single undertaking rule’s history and practice in the WTO; point out the reasons why the rule has a more adverse effect; how it leads

There is a saying, “There are gains from trade. Because of trading, we are now driving the fancy sporty cars such as Lamborghini and Ferrari which are produced by Italy; and Italian are using the hottest smart phone which designed by American”. Trading brings a huge benefit for these two countries which is sharing and gaining their superior production to each other. However, nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards. Although trading has diversified advantages, it could be some risks hidden back. For instance, drugs trading and arms trading can endanger national security. Therefore, we need to make up trading agreement to regularize trading among those countries to ensure any trading activities are legal and safety. The World Trade Organization (WTO) which was called General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is an intergovernmental organization which regulates international trade( ). The WTO manages regulation of exchange between the interest nation by giving a structure to arrange exchange assertions and a debate determination procedure to authorize the members’ adherence to WTO understandings, which are marked by agents of part government and confirmed by their parliament.( )THE WTO current has 160 member states which is one of the biggest trade organization. United States has participated in WTO since 1995 and was a member of GATT since 1948. Therefore, United States has built favorable economic relations within WTO member countries. However; United

This paper analyzes how the world Trade Organization serves to protect, reduce and eliminate any international conflicts surrounding trade exportations and/or importations. The first variable to be analyzed in this paper is how the World trade organization came into existence. This background reference will help describe why there was a need for the creation of this organization. The next variable to be analyzed in this paper is the purpose and function of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Also, this paper analyzes the power of the world trade organizations and how those powers are used. The final variable to be analyzed is the policies that are carried out within the structure of the World Trade Organization (WTO, enforcement of how those guidelines work within the World Trade Organization (WTO) are enforced amongst actors that are affected by the organizations and its protocols.

However Doha Round 2001 still remains to be ratified. It settles trade disputes between member countries. Finally, with 188 members it is argued that this organisation has played a key role in bringing unity and the tighter integration of the world economy. It was known as General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) up until 1995. The WTO has four main roles. Firstly, it acts as an orchestra conductor to ensure that all rules are respected. The Doha Round includes agriculture, environment, development etc. so it is no surprise that an agreement between the 188 countries has not been resolved as it is a lengthy process, a consensus among members through a round of negotiations must be agreed. Secondly, a role of trade tribunal. The WTO settles disputes between countries. If countries in dispute cannot settle differences by themselves a definitive ruling will be issued in which the losing party must comply. If it does not comply it is liable to sanctions, over 400 complaints have been filed by WTO members since 1995. Furthermore, it acts as a monitor as it is constantly reviewing trade policies of its members, assessing whether members are abiding by WTO rules. Finally, a training role. Government officials from developing countries are offered training programmes, an average of 35 million Swiss francs is spent annually with Africa as the main beneficiary followed by Asia and Latin America.

WTO is a global international organisation dealing with rules of trade between nations with the main objective of promoting trade between countries. Accordingly, it has been argued that WTO is not well placed to make substantive judgement on WTO Members’ moral choice as the purpose is to regulate inter-state trade instead of internal political structures of its member. This paper will examine the validity of this statement by looking into key treaty provision – GATT, relevant case laws and legal authorities.

Apple export practices to developing nations are a source of tension between the United States and Japan, as is bananas between the European Union and the United States. This paper summarizes a case analysis of trade functions between nations and the role of WTO I facilitating solutions to international tensions. It goes further to explain specific activities of the WTO. The paper discusses Uraguay Round and the Doha Development Agenda and their impact on agricultural subsidies. Additionally, a Table of agricultural subsidies by nation for the year 2007 is shown with analysis and recommendation on presentation. The paper concludes with the

WTO members might impose tariff and non-tariff measures on tobacco products when these products are imported to their territories. However, by the three critical principles, which are mentioned in the previous part, the GATT 1994 prevents WTO members from measures establishing discrimination and trade restriction. Therefore, in boundary measures imposed on tobacco products might be challenged under these principles.

The WTO has not only enhanced the value and quantity of trade but has also assisted in eradicated trade and non-trade barriers. WTO has also broadened the trade governance scope to trade in investment, services and intellectual property. It has emerged as a greater organization than GATT and expanded the agenda by including developmental policies which further helped in settlement of disputes and improved monitoring by introducing the Trade Policy Review and the World Trade Report as well as increased transparency by removing green room negotiations.