The Case Of Wall E ' Our Primary Victim Skin Rash That Developed Into An Antimicrobial Resistance

These microorganisms are transmitted from poor hand hygiene from health care workers to patients as well as touching of contaminated equipment and environmental surfaces. Microorganisms are most commonly introduced to susceptible sites such as open wounds or other portals of entry by contaminated hands. Infection leads to adverse clinical outcomes and can directly threat patient recovery.

Gold standard procedures should be implemented with the aim of providing timely and accurate results. (Schentag) The culture result should be accompanied by its clinical significance, selective reporting of susceptibility testing results in accordance with hospital antimicrobial therapy guidelines and suggested management. (Schentag) This encourages appropriate prescribing and minimises unnecessary use of antimicrobials. The clinical microbiology team should also provide reports to AMS regarding resistant organisms.

| UNIT 4222- 264 THE PRINCIPLES OF INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL | | | |

Implementation of patient care practices for infection control is the role of the nursing staff. Nurses are responsible for maintaining hygiene, consistent with hospital policies and good nursing practice on the ward and monitoring aseptic techniques, including hand-washing and use of isolation. It is also in their scope of practice to promptly report to the attending physician any evidence of infection in patients under the nurse’s care and initiating patient isolation and ordering culture specimens from any patient showing signs of a communicable disease, when the physician is not immediately available. Limiting patient exposure to infections from visitors, hospital staff, other patients, or equipment used for diagnosis or treatment and maintaining

Germs and many other diseases spread primarily through airborne particles, skin to skin contact, and or touching objects such as door handles, hospital buttons, or by sharing patient possessions. Nurses and other health care clinicians are constantly in physical contact with many different patients, who all have varying illness’ and diseases themselves. Many may also carry a

skin condition that staph is able to cause is cellulitis. It is more common in people who have a weakened immune system such as people who are immunocompromised, infants, and the elderly. Cellulitis is characterized by a red, warm patch on the skin paired with a fever. “The bacteria that cause cellulitis can spread rapidly, entering lymph nodes and your bloodstream. Recurrent episodes of cellulitis may cause chronic swelling of the affected limb” (Mayo, 2015). Cellulitis is spread extremely easily, and is a big issue within long term care facilities. The infection can be cured by antibiotics. However, there are cases reported stating that cellulitis is becoming resistant to some antibiotics. The doctor can order a culture to send to pathology.

Burke J.P. (2003). Infection control- a problem for patient safety. New England Journal Medicine, 348(7):651-656.

Checking in to the hospital comes with a heavy price tag, and sometimes you get more than what you bargained for. As highly trained doctors, nurses, and staff make their way through the hospital, they carry with them microbial agents of disease. Although regarded as centers for treatment and prevention, hospitals are also known to harbor nosocomial, healthcare-associated, bacterial infections. These infections can be a result of overused or inappropriately used antibiotics and the breaching of infection containment policies by patients and staff. Though health-care-associated infections have been decreasing, one infection inciting nosocomial bacterial, Clostridium difficile has been rampant. It is important that inefficiencies in health-care be met with stringent efforts for prevention as they may lead to distressing financial, emotional, and medical repercussions.

Weston, D., & Ebrary. (2008). Infection prevention and control: Theory and clinical practice for healthcare professionals. Hoboken, NJ;Chichester, England;: John Wiley & Sons.

Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), specifically those involving multi-drug resistant organisms such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, as well as higher cost of healthcare and longer length of hospital stays for patients. Each year, millions of people acquire infections while receiving care, treatment, and services in hospitals and other health care organizations.

Many of the former patients have been told that the hospital is recommending them to be evaluated as the infection is easily treatable. Several of the convalescents already diagnosed and hospitalized for treatment, as nearly ready to be discharged. Some of the symptoms of the surgical site infection are swelling of the surgical incision, "wound drainage," redness and fever. The hospital has since disposed of and replaces the piece of affected equipment, and has sterilized the entire operating room responsible for the outbreak. They have also set up a 24-hour hotline for inquiries concerning the infection and their health in connection to it. Similarly, they are contacting other hospitals with

difficile based on the presentation and assessment findings of watery, loose stools, and the presence of nausea and vomiting. The nurse should prepare to administer certain medications including an antibiotic such as imipenem, cefepime or ertapenem, if the patient has ESBL (Munoz-Price & Jacoby, 2015). It is important to note that if the patient does have ESBL, cephalosporins should not be used (Munoz-Price & Jacoby, 2015). If the patient has VRE the most common antibiotic that will be used is linezolid, daptomycin, oritavancin, tigecycline, teicoplanin, and many others (Murray, 2014). In the case of a patient with VRE it is also common for a combination of many different drugs to be used in order to cover the range of the illness (Murray, 2014). The nurse should also prepare to put the patient in contact isolation precautions. In any case, either of these diseases would result in the transmission being via contact and not an airborne disease (Anderson, 2014). The patient will be put in contact isolation precautions because they are at risk of transmitting their disease via the loose stools, as well as via any other bodily fluid that may be released from the body (Anderson, 2014). If the patient has C. difficile, they should receive vancomycin or metronidazole in order to treat their infection (Kelly & Lamont, 2015). The nurse should have a plan of care including isolation precautions, monitoring vital signs, and

As nurses, taking care of patients with MRSA can be seen in everyday practice. It can be seen in patients with sepsis from an infected wound, patients who have pneumonia, or patients who only have a colonization for it (“Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 2015”). Regardless if it’s colonization or an active infection, and the source of the infection, proper policies and procedures are in place to reduce the transmission of MRSA to other patients in the hospital or nursing home setting. This includes performing proper hand hygiene and standard precautions, as well as wearing protective gown and gloves when entering the patient’s room. It is very important to adhere to these policies and procedures and educate others on the importance of these policies and procedures to reduce the transmission of MRSA to others.

Infection control is very important in the health care profession. Health care professionals, who do not practice proper infection control, allow themselves to become susceptible to a number of infections. Among the most dreaded of these infections are: hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Another infection which has more recently increased in prevalence is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). These infections are all treated differently. Each infection has its own symptoms, classifications, and incubation periods. These infections are transmitted in very similar fashions, but they do not all target the same population.

Furthermore, the background of section 1.1.2 of NICE CG139 is aimed to educate and advise the general public about how to avoid infections from people who are undergoing treatment, home care or in the overall community. The guidelines specifically applies to adults/children getting healthcare in community, or primary care. It additionally applies to family members, healthcare workers and carers who deliver healthcare in community/primary care. CG139 is not specific to people who are getting healthcare in a hospital setting, but understanding how to