The Catastrophe Model

“You can no more win a war than you can win an earthquake” - Jeanette Rankin. On a website called SF Tourism Tips, the author states, “At 5:12 am (pacific time), the earth began to shake and the San Francisco 1906 Earthquake began to rattle the city. According to the US Geological Survey, it was measured at a magnitude of 7.8.” In the eyewitness accounts “Horrific Wreck of the City” by Fred Hewitt and “Comprehending the Calamity” by Emma Burke they both talk about their experiences in the earthquake, some having differences and others similarities. Some of these include the tone and others.

In the article titled, “Turning the knots in your stomach into bows: Reappraising arousal improves performance on the GRE” by Jeremy P. Jamieson, explores the physiological effects of challenge arousal during taking a test such as the GRE. The main purpose of this research is to show that reappraising the anxiety of taking a test can improve academic performance on the exam. On the other hand, being nervous and having anxiety can ruin your performance of the exam.

A. The emotion to win may cause an athlete to use performance enhancement even though the risk is high.

In order to test this hypothesis, three human subjects were subjected to various mental activities in the form of quizzes of increasing difficulty (low, medium, and high stress). Before the experiment, each test subject was given a pre-survey to fill out. The answers each subject gave in their pre-survey allowed us to explain or understand any anonymous data that was obtained. The pre-survey asked questions about the subject’s lifestyle, such as how many hours a week they work, study, or sleep. The subjects were asked if they often exercise, solve puzzles, or if they have test anxiety. We also asked each subject to rank their average stress level, their current stress level, and how often they meditate or partake in de-stressing activities.

There is anxiety that is only situational, state anxiety, and anxiety that is general, trait anxiety. Researchers in this study wanted to know if state and trait anxiety could calculate a correlation coefficient with the emotional stroop. They also wanted to identify whether trait or state anxiety would have a stronger association with performance on the emotional stroop. Researchers hypothesized that both state and trait anxiety would be able to be calculated with a strong, positive correlation coefficient and that state anxiety would have a stronger association with performance on the emotional stroop.

Catastrophic incidents are uncommon but devastating when they occur, so planning to respond to these incidents is a critical DHS responsibility. Whether naturally occurring or man-made, a catastrophic incident will require similar efforts across the Department. Furthermore, there will be “cascading” or second-order effects that will require risk management. Regardless, the magnitude of an incident will put extraordinary demands on the Department.

Athletes may experience symptoms of low concertation, lack of motivation and increased levels of anxiety after following strenuous training and demanding performances,

Anxiety is a bad emotion or poison which is inside your mind which is more shown to others. This makes you feel on ease or maybe tense and disturbed of the worry or fear that you have running through you. Footballers would get this at first but it's over time that they know that they won't have to be unease. Goalkeepers feel on ease at first of a game because they feel like the ball will go past him and into the goal and he is really only noticed for what he is doing when he lets in a goal by accident. When a footballer is on their first game they will feel more uncomfortable and on ease person in that team because they would be the least confident person to play. Anxiety control is needed from all players on the field.

The starting pool of participants was 92 undergraduate introductory psychology students. The article did not state how or where they were recruited from, if any compensation was given, age, gender, or any other demographics. The participants were given the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Trait). Those who scored above the 80th percentile were rated high anxious and those who scored below the 22nd percentile were rated low anxious. They were also given the Beck

In athletes. the added emotive stress of competition is an important element in the adrenal response (Tucker rt ul. 2004; Suinn 2005). However, the effect of competition on stress levels in performance horses remain to be elucidated. In order to verify a hypothetic competition-induced modification in the PHA response in horses, we examined the effects of show-jumping and dressage on stress levels by comparing the stress response at a horse show compared to the familiar environment. in agreement with previous results indicating that transport is a stressor in horses that leads to elevated heart rate (Waran and Cudderford 1995) and causes hormonal changes indicative of acute stress (Stull and Rodiek 2000).

Researchers have identified several types of anxiety. Dörnyei (2005), for instance, distinguishes two kinds of anxiety: a) ‘facilitating’ and ‘debilitating’ and b) ‘trait’ and ‘state’ anxiety. Facilitating anxiety is helpful, while debilitating anxiety is harmful and hinders individuals’ accomplishments

State anxiety refers to what arises in a specific situation. Everyone experiences state anxiety, but the stimulus can vary. In sport state anxiety, may rise when an athlete is in a high-pressure situation and needs to perform to an expected level. Examples of this are serving for the match, taking a penalty shot or converting a try in rugby.

The HPA pathway is known as the stress pathway and could be a key component in understanding the biological changes that occur when individuals with anxiety are exposed to stress and how the individuals’ anxiety is affected. Research suggests, activation of the HPA axis varies depending on the intensity and duration of exercise, in addition, whether or not the exercise is acute or chronic could change how the HPA axis functions (Stonerock et al., 2015) Stonerock and colleagues (2015) found chronic exercise may have neuroprotective effects including decreased cortisol levels at rest and when stressors are present compared to people who do not exercise.

Mullen, R., & Hardy, L. (2000). State anxiety and motor performance: testing the conscious processing hypothesis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18(December 2012), 785–799.

Anxiety is defined as a condition, or unpleasant emotional state that involves feelings of worry, tension and apprehension (Bekker et al, 2003). To attempt to discover the causes of anxiety, and what areas of the brain are involved, Jeffrey Grays Behavioural Inhibition System (1982) will be discussed. Following this, further exploration of these beliefs by Carver and White (1994) will be explored. In addition to these, it is also suggested that anxiety is correlated to hippocampus and amygdala formation and volume, therefore, this idea will also be explored, other factors that may influence anxiety will also be discussed in order to consider other potential causes and consequences of anxiety. After review and consideration of this evidence, the question “To what extent can individual differences in anxiety be explained by variation in the “Behavioural Inhibition System” will be explained.