In this 21st century we are heavily consumed by technology and food. We constantly see advertisements of eating healthy and what these nutrients that these food provide for our benefits. Eating fresh organic food nowadays is a crucial part of our daily living. From sowing to harvesting and selling the produce a lot goes on backstage that not many people are aware about. Rice, potatoes, milk and eggs are some of the staple foods that most people use. When a staple food is destroyed is can effect many people economically and by health. An invasive pathogen that was originated in Central Mexico that was very detrimental for potatoes was Phytophythora infestans. The disease is also known as potato late blight. Phytophythora infestans are …show more content…
They then gradually spread and form ring of necrotizing tissue (Sedlakova et al 2011). At first the plant will look healthy before the lesions are visible on the outside. This is also a challenge for the farmers because they will not know if their produce is unhealthy until it is visible. By the time they can cut of the plant the disease would have spread to the neighboring plants as well. P. infestans are produced through sexual and asexual mating. The two mating types are known as A1 and A2 ( Nowicki et al 2012). When mycelia of both types interact they produce oospores sexually. Mycelia is the branched filament of fungi (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2017). Oospores are spores that have a thick coating that allows them to survive harsh environmental conditions for a long period (Nowicki et al 2012). When both these types mate they produce a worse isolate compared to only if A1 mating occurs. The production of these more harmful isolates was detected by researchers in United States which has made controlling this pathogen more difficult (Fall et al 2015). Sporangia of P. infectans also produce zoospores through asexual mating. Sexual and asexual mating is influenced by the environment. Asexual is mating is encouraged when the weather is a warmer and oospores are produced in cooler weather hence for the thick coating of oospores. Some biosecurities that are implemented in controlling the pathogens are by spraying fungicides, removing any infected potatoes from the
Disease has ravaged the Earth for millions, if not billions, of years. It has existed since the formation of multicellular organisms on the Earth. Disease arises in many different forms, including parasitic, mutational, viral, bacterial, and countless more. All life on planet Earth is susceptible to infection of a disease. Part of what makes numerous diseases extraordinarily dangerous is the copious number of methods transmission can occur. Diseases can become airborne, transmitted through consumed sustenance, inherited from previous generations, and various diseases can spontaneously appear out of thin air. New forms of disease are being generated all the time. A major disease devastating boreal forests across the North American continent is White Nose Syndrome.
In the early 1800s life in Ireland wasn't easy, Irish citizens got by day to day by farming and relying on the potato. The potato was their main source of food and money. With out the potato the Irish would have nothing. No one was prepared for what was about to happen in 1845, the beginning of the Great Irish Potato Famine.
Since the demand for potato's was higher there was a greater need to supply more, and so then everyone started on the frenzy for potato's. When there was a strain of Phytophthora infestation caused the widespread devastation of potato crops in Ireland and Northern Europe. The system started to fail, and the demand for food (potato's) became greater, and then the supply of them was not met.
Have you ever heard of a catastrophic disaster being reduced to nothing but a joke? Well, You’ve never heard of the great potato famine then! One eigth of the Irish population died in this event, And yet most people laugh at it once they hear it. “Irish people are so addicted to potatoes they died when they didn’t have any!,” My friend once said. But the Potato Famine is no laughing matter. It was a serious event caused by negligence to help the poor and incompetence.
Grape is one of the most economically important and ancient fruit crops in the world. The world grape production is mainly used for wine production, table fruits, and. Grape wine industry is having huge impact in agricultural economy. Different disease insect and pests limit grape production in the world. Powdery mildew, downy mildew, and anthracnose are considered economically important disease of grape in most of the grape growing areas in the world as well as in the united states. Powdery mildew is caused a biotrophic fungus Erysiphe necator, whereas downy mildew by Plasmopara viticola and anthracnose by Elsinoe ampelina. Complex of these three disease can be seen on most of the grape vineyards, but powdery mildew is mainly favored by moderate temperature, but downy mildew and anthracnose free moisture and humid conditions for the infection and disease development.
Imagine if your main source of food was snatched away. Envision if you had to leave your home and start a whole new life. The Irish had to do just this. The potato completely changed Ireland when it was introduced to the country in the late 1500s. The nutritious food supported this country in more ways than one. But disaster struck in the mid 1800s when the Potato Famine, otherwise known as the Great Hunger, began, causing millions of Irish to emigrate from their country and start new lives in America. Irish people experienced a huge change as they left their homeland to escape the starvation and poverty caused by the Potato Famine; changing the lives of the Irish and Americans forever.
he failure of British government programs to benefit the poor in Ireland, in confluence with strategically placed policies to denigrate the Irish, when coupled with the potato blight all lead to a ruinous famine that took the lives of one million people (Fitzgerald). Those who say the potato blight was the chief factor in the Great Famine in Ireland fail to recognize the fact that many other western civilizations, including the United States, also had this particular strand of potato blight, and yet were not devastated by this crop failure (Gallagher). It was the political action of the British driven by their struggle for power that was the prime factor in the Great Famine of Ireland. England wanted to weaken Ireland just enough to keep
The Irish potato famine started in 1845 and lasted for 6 years, killed over 1 million men, women , and children.The other million people left the country. It was caused by a disease among the potatoes called late blight that destroys the leaves and roots. The potato famine was the worst assurance in Europe.People tried to relieve the famine but they failed even the government. The great hunger started in 1846 a year after the potatoes died.The hunger caused lots of deaths throughout ireland.Food depots closed and the selling of Indian corn began to get money for the country. The Irish famine was the worst thing to come to Europe in the 19th century. The farmers had a hard time to provide for themselves and to supply the
It’s 1845 and our country, Ireland, is in extreme poverty and starvation. This is getting called on the streets the Great Famine or Potato Famine. Our crops are dying due to a disease that has been spreading through our fields. The cause of this disease is Phytophthora infestans or, as it more widely known, the potato blight. This is a fungus that originated from the highlands of central Mexico. It can infect all the potato crops in a field over the course of 3 days, which can cause losses that can be as high as 100%. The famine has left a devastating impact on our island. People are dying and fleeing the country. Our population is decreasing at a rapid pace and we’re losing hope, but we can’t let that happen. There are a few options left
Learning about the Irish potato famine of the 1800’s that drove millions to America may seem like a boring topic for most people to learn. Sure, it impacted the job market, but what does it matter to most? Well, if it wasn’t for the potato famine, I would’ve been born in Ireland. My personal identity would not be complete without my background as an Irish. My great great great grandfather came over from Ireland during the potato famine of the 1800’s. Later on, he married another Irish immigrant-a woman younger than him. Due to the fact that my family’s ancestors came over from Ireland, I identify as Irish. This identity has impacted my life. As a child, my parents sang me songs that I assumed every kid was hearing. It wasn’t until much later that I realized that the
Does Ireland's great famine sound familiar? Perhaps you didn’t pay attention in history class. Being a locavore is not a modern movement, it has been done in the past and the outcome was as atrocious as the concept. Not only do locavores negatively implicate the economy, but they also implicate their community.
The cause of the Irish Potato Famine was the black Rot. The black rots was the cause of it. There was a lot of diseases in the Irish Villages. The two diseases that was the most common was callaria and titus the two painful diseases. The ships that took the Irish to the USA was called coffins and the shape of the ships was bad. There was a little over one million Irish people died from the potato Famine. The ships was overloaded by about two hundred. People slept on things like bundles and the chests that was on the floor thats all they had to sleep on and around. The Irish was only allowed to bring 33 inches of luggage with them or the boat could get overloaded. The Irish Men purchase about 120 acres of land. The USA compare themselves to
What was the cause of the potato famine. Well Ireland was hit by an airborne fungus that turned the potatoes to mud before they got out of the ground and rotted them quicker. Potatoes were the main food in Ireland especially for the poor. Without potatoes many died while others immigrated. The potato famine caused a lot of death, immigration, and also got help from surrounding areas.
Management strategies consist either in exclusion, avoiding contact between plant and pathogens, or by pest eradication, and
America back in the 60's however had different ideas.US wanted to weaponize the fungus, either to be used in cluster bombs or spray tank. The idea was to infect the water supply causing wide crop epidemics thus starving the enemy to its knees. Thankfully, in 1960 US abandoned its desire for biological