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The Causes And Impacts Of The California Gold Rush

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The California Gold Rush almost did not happen. In his 1848 report to the adjutant-general at Washington, DC, Col. Richard Barnes Mason wrote a worker was checking the strong flow of water in a stream near a saw mill he was building. James Marshall noticed a few glittering particles in the mud that had accumulated. He collected and examined a few of them and, satisfied with their value, brought them to Captain John Sutter, owner of the land where the saw mill was to be built. They agreed to keep their discovery secret for a while but word soon spread and quickly hundreds and then thousands of miners flooded to the mines seeking instant wealth. Only three months after the discovery, it was estimated about four thousand workers were employed mining gold in the region (personal communication, August 17, 1848).
Getting to and surviving in the California gold mines was very expensive. Miners generally traveled alone. Many spent about six months wages or more getting to California and then found they could not afford to buy even basic supplies and commodities (Knysh, 2012). For example, a dozen eggs cost $50 and one apple cost $5 (Smithsonian American Art Museum, n.d., Arrival of the forty-niners section).Gold miners endured heavy snow and rain. They usually lived in tents. Damp outdoor camping and poor sanitation caused scurvy, frostbite and other illnesses. A poor diet of beans, bacon and local game were cooked over open fires. Fires often destroyed camps and towns with their

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