The Causes And Risk Factors Affecting The Death Disease Of Coronary Heart Diseases

Among older population (65 years or older) there is increased risk of development of coronary artery disease and also it is leading cause of death as it accounts for almost 50% of all deaths among older population (Kligman 1992).

According to the National health survey, in 2014-15, 63.4% of Australians aged 18 years and over were overweight or obese that 27.9% of population were obese (about 5 million people), this number has constantly increasing for a decade (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2015). Generally speak, obesity is able to increase the risk of type 2

Many risk factors can contribute to this process. Some of them like age, gender and genetics are non-modifiable, meaning there is not much that can be done about them. Others, like drug abuse, smoking, stress, diet and exercise are modifiable, meaning an individual has control over them.3

Smoking more than doubles one’s chances of eventually having a heart attack and increases the chance of

Smokers who have a heart attack are more likely to die within an hour of the heart attack than non-smokers. Studies have shown that after five years of giving up smoking, the risk of developing heart disease is the same as for someone who never smoked!!! * High blood pressure increases the workload of the heart causing it to enlarge and weaken over time.

The media article ‘Shocking Statistics That Illustrate Australia’s Obesity Problem’ written by Leigh Campbell in the Huffington Post Australia Newspaper on February the 24th 2016 will be discussed throughout the report (Campbell, 2016). The newspaper article focuses on the alarming increase in numbers of obese individuals in Australia and the many health issues associated.

In both case studies, I think you have done an excellent job identifying the patients’ risk factors. As a Clinical Nurse Leader it is important to educate patients on both modifiable risk factors and non-modifiable risk factors. You identified modifiable risk factors like obesity, physical activity and tobacco use. You also identified a non-modifiable risk factor: family history. Some other non-modifiable risk factors are: age, gender, and ethnicity.

Non modifiable risk factors of ACS include being a male, increasing in age and family history of premature acute coronary syndrome (White, Duncan, & Baumle, 2011). Some modifiable risk factors associated with ACS are high

Some risks for CAD could be smoking, HTN, obesity, bad cholesterol, diabetes, and genetics. There are so many risk factors for CAD, but most of them can be lowered by changing one’s lifestyle. Usually, up till the age of 70, males may have a higher chance for CAD.

In the case of CHD, one study has characterized the majority of very susceptible individuals as being the ones who have issues with several of the following risk factors: elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, stress, lack of meaningful physical activity, being overweight, high blood-sugar levels, and high blood pressure (Castelli, 1984). Further, it is important to note that interventional trials have determined that; although decreasing a risk factor typically lowers the incidence rate of CHD, caution must be exercised in risk management to avoid exasperating one risk by while managing another (Castelli, 1984), which may be challenging due to the number of interrelated contributing risks.

Why? Well, according to Stephen and Marmot, genomic and environmental integrational factors, intrauterine (within the uterus) environment growth, nutrition, health and social circumstances in childhood and a variety of behavioral and socioeconomic factors in adulthood could also contribute to the development of coronary heart disease (pg. 21). As one can see, these are several, very broad factor that can have even more sub-factors within them. Also, notice the world could, this means that these factors do have a relationship to coronary heart disease, or not. See, this is a very broad spectrum that does not exactly pinpoint which factors can lead more to heart disease,

myocardial infraction. Blockages in any of the circulatory vessels will mean less space for the blood

Pain is also a complication of MI. This is often caused by the demand for increased oxygen by the myocardium, high cardiac enzyme levels or persistent ischaemia (Hand, 2001). Pain can be further caused by re-stenosis (narrowing) of the stent, new ischaemia or vaso-dilation or -spasm (Thomson, 2010).

in those over the age of 60 with morbidity and mortality more likely to be related

Our sample population of 498 individuals had 83% of them that were 35 year old and above with a mean of around 46.6 years old as displayed in Graph 2 and Table 1. This shows us that our population of civil servants was on the middle-aged range, with support from a standard deviation of 10 years and a median of 48 years. This is convenient for our sample study since heart attack disease has been found to start developing in as early a range as 20-39 years (Mozaffarian 2015). Some interesting things to note about our population sample is the changes overtime they had from 1950 to 1962. The weight change decreased about 1.4 pounds as did the serum cholesterol by 4.5 mg% and BMI by 0.2298964. Our mean blood pressure readings