The Causes Of Neurological Diseases And Disorders

Dzevdet Smajlovic, professor from the Department of Neurology at the University of Tuzla in Bosnia stated that

He studied the brain of a woman that exhibited strange behavior, memory loss, and difficulty with language before she died. While studying the brain of this woman, he found several clumps that are now called amyloid plaque and tangles of fibers that are called neurofibrillary tangles. These structures are the key to a gradual progression of a treacherous disease; that will erode a person’s ability to live independently, sustain speech, maintain healthy relationships, or memory. Neurologically, the brain is destroyed with amyloid plaque, neurofibrillary tangles, and loss of connection in the neurons of the brain. As the brain’s neurons die more damage is created and the damage to the brain becomes more widespread, resulting in shrinkage of the brain.

Genetic instability refers to temporary or permanent unscheduled alterations within the genome occur and can occur both at chromosomal or nucleotide level. Instability at nucleotide level consists of increased frequency of base-pair mutation or amplified number of nucleotide repeat units such as trinucleotide repeats (TNR) in a gene which will show altered expression and malfunction of RNA and/or protein (Castel et al., 2010).

The nervous system is associated to many neurological diseases including strokes, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, sleep disorders, and spinal cord injuries. Spinal cord injuries arise to be extremely common, in fact, each year in the United States there are ten thousand new spinal cord injuries alone (Spinal Cord Injury). The spinal cord is an immensely fragile part of the body, it contains a bundle of nerve fibers that connect the brain to the rest of the body. Since the spinal cord is exceptionally fragile it has to be protected by something hard, like the vertebral column. The brain, spinal cord, and the vertebrae is considered the central nervous system, whereas, the peripheral nervous system is formed when the nerves that enter and exit the spinal cord (Boyce). When the spinal cord, brain, or vertebral column becomes damaged, the individual has a higher risk of developing paralysis. Since the nervous system contains all three parts of the nervous system, paralysis is diagnosed as a neurological injury.

Nowadays, Epilepsy is the 4th most common neurological disorder –only migraine, stroke and Alzheimer’s disease occurs more frequently-, and it commonly has no identifiable cause, according to the World Health Organization. These figures are just one factor that persuades me that my choice of a career in neurosciences was the right one, and motivates me to study further at PhD level in this field to help combat serious problems like epilepsy.

As a medical practitioner, I was always fascinated by the complexities of the human nervous system. A few years later, during my neurology residency training, I developed special interests in the field of neurodegenerative disorders and dementias. These are largely non-curable disorders

Although, causes are still unknown about how the disease started, researchers are aware that the damage in the brain begins 10 to 20 years before changes are noticeable. Two main features in the brain which were introduced earlier in this paper are the amyloid plaques, they are found in gaps between nerve cells of the

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that disrupts a person’s memory, thinking abilities, and behavior. This disease affects three major areas in the brain; the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem. As the disease begins to take effect, these parts of the brain become obstructed, and the information that is supposed to be transmitted between neurons is hindered. The information that is responsible for sensory, learning, and memory progressively digress’ in productivity. Alzheimer’s disease causes nerve cell death and tissue loss all around the brain, which reduces the brain’s ability to function at a rapid pace and comprehend basic signals (“Alzheimer’s & Dementia,”n.d.). As parts of the brain begin to deteriorate, normal functions begin to drift away as well.

Brain disorders are categorized as major health conditions based on the fact that the brain is the control center of the body. Brain disorders come in many forms and at times are difficult to diagnose based on their complexity. A very rare degenerately unchangeable brain disorder of the central nervous system is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease affects one person in a million within a population that is worldwide (Llorens et al., 2015). The USA is known to have two hundred cases of patients diagnosed with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease each year (Llorens et al., 2015). Although the disease is very rare, it is very deadly because after onset of symptoms of the disease the patient usually passes after a year of diagnosis. Most patients develop the disease around their sixties and typically only have one year left to live (Head et al., 2009). CJD can be categorized etiologically as sporadic, infectious, and inherited neurodegenerative disorder due to the misfolded proteins making it very unique. Symptoms in clinical trials of CJD have consisted of rapid onset of progressive dementia, involuntary muscle contractions, inability to balance, cognitive impairment and visual deterioration (Gozke et al., 2008).

One important disease that detrimentally affects the nervous system is multiple sclerosis (MS). This debilitating demyelinating disease

Epilepsy can appear during any ages and it appears in animals and humans. It is the fourth most common neurological disorder. Epilepsy is a disorder when a person or an animal has unpredictable seizures. Someone has a seizure when their brain has abnormal and sudden electrical activity. There are so many triggers for seizures, such as missing your medication, being sleep deprived, being extremely stressed, low blood sugar, and bright lights.

3- This disease brings a lot of consequences affecting all our body system, in special our head. That’s why the causes of this are:

Some factors that contribute to the development of the disease are viral infection, environmental factors, genetic predisposition, and more importantly autoimmune inflammation (Cheng & Chen, 2014). During the inflammation process, the lymphocytes are stimulated and travel to the damage area in the brain and spinal cord. These cells then release pro-inflammatory cytokines to attack the myelin of the nerve fiber (Cheng & Chen, 2014). According to the research completed by Matsushita et al in 2013 suggested that chemokines play a significant role in recruiting macrophages and T lymphocytes to cause demyelination in the

Unfathomable diseases that immobilize one’s body, but leave the brain to function properly or even uncontrollable shaking are the reason many have begun to question how these diseases are formed. Many view sports from only the outside on a screen but do not realize the dangers and risks of playing sports and being able to entertain millions of viewers and that they possess a monumental role in the obtainment of these diseases There are diseases such as ALS that cause immobility and impaired speech while leaving the victim's brain to understand the horrible trance the body is in. Another disease that is similar is CTE which has drastic side effects to the brain and body and can lead to other diseases such as Alzheimer's and Dementia. There

Damage can be from: disease, stroke, head injury, long-term alcoholism, severe malnutrition, brain surgery or aging.