The Causes Of The BCG Interventions

The health care system varies from country to country although a factor they all have in common is that great measures of research are taken in order to find results and achieve a good health care system for the economy. Between Australia and japan, there are great initiatives taken to help in association to this, including economic, social and political circumstances, all influencing the way in which the countries health care system is shaped and run.

While tuberculosis was never completely eliminated, there was a significant drop in cases and death rates, as a result of the BCG vaccine and new anti-tubercular drugs in the 1950’s.

Tuberculosis is a deadly disease that is now affecting our world and the people living in it in a horrible way. Due to many factors such as poverty, HIV/AIDS, and lack of health care, many third world and developing countries have been left very vulnerable to tuberculosis. It is affecting a large part of these countries and is leading them deeper into poverty and sickness. The effort to help these countries against tuberculosis has only been slightly effective against this widespread and destructive disease.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious killer worldwide. However, over 95% of TB deaths occur in developing countries (WHO). TB is found to be a curable disease when appropriate medications and treatment are taken. Using the biomedical system is not sufficient to eradicate TB because medical interventions will fail if social determinates aren’t taken into considerations. The biomedical system is a key component in diminishing TB because it allows for diagnosis and control. Social determinants of health play a huge role in shaping one’s health. Three main social determinants that acts as a barrier in curing and preventing TB are income, food insecurity and access to health care.

on health care per capital (Palfreman, 2008). Many may attribute Japan having the longest healthy life expectancy and lowest infant mortality rate in the world to diet and lifestyle, but the healthcare system plays a role as well. Unlike the U.K., Japan’s healthcare system isn’t paid for through taxes. There is a mandate that everyone must sign up for a health insurance policy which can be obtained through an employer or a community-based insurer. Those who are unemployed and cannot afford insurance have the government pay for their health insurance. There are no gatekeepers controlling appointments and who the patients see either. Japan also has a one payment system where every health provider in Japan provide the same price for a treatment that is set by the government. Doctors are not allowed to charge different prices under this regulation. The health insurance companies are forbidden from turning down consumers who have pre-existing conditions and also the companies are not allowed to profit. But like any health care system in the world, nothing is perfect. Saito Hidero, President of Nagoya Central Hospitals, states that 50 percent of the hospitals in Japan are in financial deficit (Palfreman, 2008). This is because the prices are too low for hospitals to break even. This doesn’t deter Japan from possibly changing the system though.

There is no universal fix to the complexities of each country and what they face with regards to their health care needs. Health care is a fundamental need among all peoples. Each country will have to work on solving the disparities that exist in access of care, funding of care, and availability of care. Because we now find ourselves facing the dilemma of fighting many infectious diseases once thought to be under control, we must work with all countries around the world. Every country faces the potential of an outbreak of a disease like SARS or a terrorism strike involving biological or chemical agents. Global initiatives to improve the health of nations across the board regardless of resources in these nations will benefit all. We need to continue with consistent and comprehensive measures to ensure health equity to all (Williams & Torrens, 2010).

In the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) set by the World Health Organization (2015), Japan far outperforms Sierra Leone in all health indicators. Japan, a leader in the world’s economy, continues to focus on reducing health disparities and improve the health of its citizens. Sierra Leone, one of the poorest countries in the world shares the same goals. Life Expectancy and Health Life expectancy are vastly different between Japan and Sierra Leone. Comparing these two countries will help gain insight into how the economy, government, culture, and the health care system impacts the overall health of its citizens.

Malnutrition leads to a weakened immune system and close living quarters make the disease more easily spread. The lack of money to get to the hospital makes it hard for the TB inflicted islanders to receive the help and treatment they need. However, structurally violent accounts of healthcare are not the only arrangements that contribute to the high TB rates among the Marshall Islands. There are also cultural arrangements that must be taken into account. In “Improvising Medicine”, Julie Livingston discusses the differences in experiences of breast cancer between those in the United States and those in Botswana.

Tuberculosis (TB), which infects one-third of the world population, is a disease with one of the highest mortality rates in the world (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016a). It is reported that there is an approximately low TB occurrence in nations that have the highest income and middle income; however, there are specific communities such as homeless, poor people and lawbreakers in these countries that have the highest TB incidence (Gärden et al., 2013). Therefore, public health policies about preventing and treating tuberculosis in the marginalized and disfavoured groups have never failed to get social attention. The city of Toronto has been applying Nightingale’s theory of ensuring ventilation and warming, maintaining the cleanliness, and reinforcing the observing of the sick to develop a TB program in order to diminish the spreading and impacts of TB as well as to enhance the support for displaced, disciplinary communities.

TB rates and incidences have remained high, with an estimated rate of 9,000,000 new cases of TB worldwide and 1.7 million deaths per year. The incidence rate of TB in Japan is high with 21 cases per 100,000 people in 2010 than many other developed countries, yet the treatments are being provided by a health care provider. (Shimamura et al, 2013). The nation of Brazil occupies the 22nd place in the ranking of the 22 countries with the highest incidence of TB (Ministerio et al 2012). Tuberculosis treatment is very expensive. Direct costs for treatment (including drugs, diagnostics, case management, hospitalization, etc.) of MDR TB averaged $150,000 per case (in 2014 dollars), compared with $17,000 to treat drug-susceptible TB (CDC 2015).

The country of India is second in terms of population size and the major cities are becoming overcrowded. Poverty rates in India have increased over the last few years and despite the economic boom the country is experiencing, the people are still living in overcrowded ghettos or slums. Overcrowding and population has brought healthcare challenges. In India, maternal and child mortality are still high, malnutrition among children and pregnant women increase yearly, and the country leads the numbers of Tuberculosis (TB) infection. Furthermore, India’s HIV problem has increased and now is third among 195 countries. The lack of basic healthcare, support and supplies from Indian official has only fueled the healthcare challenges it faces.

When it comes to under five moralities, again Japan has fared better than the United Kingdom. In 1990, the under-five mortalities were 9 in the UK and 6 in Japan, in 2012 this is now 5 and 3 respectively. Japan, according to health outcomes is a much healthier country in both life expectancy and under-five mortalities. Similar to each country’s GDP, both countries have fairly similar health expenditure with Japan overall spending more of its GDP on health. Whilst it is easy to assume better infrastructure and staff will lead to better health outcomes, this is not always the case. As shown by the USA which has some of the worst health outcomes in the developed world, despite spending 17% of its GDP on health in contrast to Japan’s 10% and

From a world wide comparison Japan has one of the worlds leading health care programs, it consists of a very low GDP; it’s life expectancy at birth scores the highest in the world (82.1%); it’s

Despite notable declines in mortality trends, Thailand still faces critical health issues. Achievements in both economic and social development, as well the implementation of universal health care attribute to this decline1. Regardless of successes disparities remain nationally and inequality follows. Non-communicable diseases account for the largest burden of mortality, NCDs compromise chronic, and non-infectious diseases. The proportional mortality with respect to total deaths is 71%2. This approximates that 355, 710 deaths of 510,000 total deaths are a result of NCDs2. However, combatting NCDs proves difficult as development largely reflects individual behavior. Careful surveillance is needed3, without it tracking implications of behaviors is unreliable and developing prevention strategies is difficult with lacking data on epidemiological trends. Though preventable, they are often detected when advanced. Long term cases need proper management. But with a shortage of rehabilitative personnel tertiary care is threatened, this must be reversed to treat long-term conditions4. To reduce advanced detection of diseases more focus on prevention, screening, and early detection is necessary to help decrease DALY’s and promote functional healthy living4. Adequate resources as well as access is detrimental, scaling up is imperative to increase the distribution of health professionals beyond metropolitan areas as there is a large disparity in delivery of services between urban and

India, the second most populous country with over 1.31 billion people, has the highest burden of tuberculosis (TB) in the world, accounting for 20% of the global incidence of TB, and an even higher share of global incidence of multi–drug resistant (MDR) TB. With an estimated 2 million new cases of TB and 5, 00,000 TB-related deaths in India annually, those who got diagnosed with different forms of DR-TB were 35,385 cases but only 20,753 people started on multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) treatment in 2013. The National Tuberculosis Program was launched in 1962, but suffered heavily continuing TB led mortality. Acknowledging this reality, a Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) was launched by the Government of India in 1997, however even today it does not comply with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations.