The Causes Of Urbanization And Poverty

American life was transformed in the 1960s from the start of the decade. The 1960s consisted of new rights and new understandings of freedom. The sixties consisted of rights for racial minorities to be involved in the mainstream of the American lifestyle. However, unsolved issues of urban poverty still existed. Women in the 1960s established a conversion in women’s status, for instance, women entered the paid workforce. America experienced a growth of conservative movements, consequently, the 1960s would confront judgment for social ill, crime and drug abuse and drug abuse as well as decline respect towards authority. In despite of crisis, America became a tolerant nation. The sixties are known as a decade of drastic change, rebellion, and backlash. Also, for the American individuals that came of age during the sixties, the generation known as the “Baby Boomers,” wanted to change the culture of their parents. Terry Anderson and Peter Clecak both present different judgment of the social activism of the 1960s. Terry H. Anderson, from the The Sea Change, implied that the sixties achieved a positive transformation within politics, society culture, and foreign power. Anderson believed that America became more democratic as well as comprehensive. (361) On the contrary, Peter Clecak, from The New Left, argued that radicals failed to revolutionize in the sixties and additionally became powerless against the dominant social order. (361) Although certain Americans opposed and judged

“Urbanization, rising income inequality, and increasing class segregation have produced a geographic concentration of affluence and poverty throughout the world, creating a radical change in the geographic basis of human society.” (Massey, 1995, p. 1)

Over the decades, national and international organizations have focused on rural poverty without looking at urban poverty, which is the bigger challenge at the dawn of the century. It was not until the unrest caused by the misconduct of police in killing black men in Ferguson, Cleveland, Oakland, California, and Baltimore that the improvised lives of those living in urban cities came to light. Most of the minority groups in America’s big cities like New York, Philadelphia, and Kansas experience low education standards, unemployment, crime, urban diseases, high detention rates, and ghettoized housing patterns driving them to poverty (Lemons, 2015). In other cities in states like Florida, up to a third of the city population live below the federal

With the advent of globalization and industrialization, urban migration and expansion of cities have become a global trend. South American nations are amongst being most rapid urbanized countries. As more people migrate to urban areas in search of better work opportunities, the cities here are growing in size and number (Ferguson & Navarrete, 2003). This problem is native to not just Latin American countries but is a major concern for most of the developing world. As estimated by the UN (United Nations, 2016), 3 billion people or about 40% of the world population would be living in substandard housing as a result of urban expansions and population growth. This is perceived to be a direct impact of rapid urbanization and excessive strain on

E. Bradford thesis is very clear in the book The Poverty of Progress. The proposal he makes is that there was a constant fight in beliefs between the lower-class people in Latin America and the upper class. Regardless that the minority group were the elite and the majority were the poor class, the elite dictated what happened within these Latin countries. The elite thrived meanwhile the poor remained poor or were getting poorer. I believe Burns suggest and proves that Latin America progressed on European ideas of urbanization and industrialization. In the book, Burns mentions that he believes that modernization was the main reason the culture struggled and why there was a lack of growth within Latin America. I believe he showcases why this

The example of unemployment is that since the population increased in the cities, it is competing to get the job due to the lack of education, health and socioeconomic status. Next, law and order are difficult to maintain in cities and crime rate are increased due immigration, unemployment, and poverty. For instance, unemployment and poverty could engage people to commit robbery for themselves or family to survive in urban area due to the lack of good and sources. In addition, the abandoned buildings attract vulnerability to crime (Dannenberg, Jackson, Frumkin, Schieber, Pratt, Kochtitzky, & Tilson 2003). That kind of situation lead to unequal living condition. Obviously, money is the key that help with better living condition due to development of community, high taxes, and regulatory. For example, those who have high income can afford to rent or buy a house, condo, or luxury apartment in

We are experiencing the new era of urbanization and globalization. These days, developing societies are faced with the highest rate of urbanization, since it is considered as a direct indication of social and economic development.

Location is a big factor when it comes to poverty. Some are born in a place where there is no opportunity for them. It does not matter how much they try to get out of the situation, is just the way the location is. Others have to move locations due to their income. It could have been due to being laid off, bankruptcy, the economy, etc. In the video the place where Tammy lived, affected her. She lived in a small town where there was barely anything. With her income she was not able to purchase a house in the area. Due to her location she had to walk 20 miles to go to her job at Burger King and then go back home.

Municipality give positive impact on family finances and open up opportunities for people to improve their productivity in work and education. Moreover, city areas has a complete basic amenities to meet current needs in terms of schooling, medical, banking and services and indirectly it increases the overall living standard of people. The high population in urban neighborhoods makes social relations in a very wide circle of society and gave an opportunity to the public to broaden communication and network, either professional or personal. While there are several benefits of living in an urban center, some challenges exist as well. It is true that people in urban center have a high chance in all aspects, especially the standard of living. Although there will undoubtedly be some negative consequences of this urbanization process including high rate of criminal and cities are ugly and produce people who are unaware about the

More jobs are available, the development and increase of diversification creates opportunity, there is access to more technologies, consumption rates are at an all time high, and many gaps are being bridged between business people. There is also a much greater deal of innovation and many new opportunities that were not possible before. Although this may be the case here in America, it is not the ultimate reality globally. The relationship between economic development and urbanization is complex. As it is well noted, many studies would conclude that there is a strong positive correlation between the degree of urbanization and it’s result in per-capita income, but this case is only true in those countries that are already developed. In an effort to provide results on urbanization in developed and developing countries together, we must look at urbanization as a whole. Studies show that as a city increases in population by 10% it offers wages that are anywhere from 0.2 to 1% higher. “The conclusion of the agglomeration literature is that there is a causal static effect of cities and urbanization on wages in more advanced economies, but this effect represents only approximately half the measured association between city population or density and wages.” Overall there are many differences between developed and developing countries and some of these key differences may make it harder for cities in these developing countries to reach their full potential

Strains on power availability, transportation, construction, waste disposal, and harm to the environment all come at costs to the Government and residents alike. As to the economy, a rapidly striking effect of urbanisation is an increase in rent, often pricing the working class out of the market; this could cause businesses such as supermarkets to either close or relocate due to the same financial pressure. Huge increases in land value would also price home buyers out of the market. Urban living also has effects on mentality and life style as the increased concentration and diversity of people and ongoing activities in a city environment puts those who live in an urban environment under more stress. This is known as urban mentality - detachment from others, self-centeredness, and a rational, calculating mind. Urban activities can also generate large quantities of city waste including biodegradable materials and many non – biodegradable materials, these waste materials can cause clogging of drains, a barrier to the movement of water, foul smell and increased microbial activities. Unemployment also runs rampant in urban areas with massive amounts of internal migration from rural areas; jobs in urban areas might not be created fast enough to meet the needs. While it is true that opportunities exist in cities, it’s also true that competition for jobs is fierce as there are more demands for jobs that are available. This is then made even more difficult for internally migrating job seekers as these migrants are often farmers, non – skilled and illiterate rural people. An extremely small amount of people “make their fortunes” as some end up as illegal street vendors, cleaners, waste collectors or labourers. The environment is also impacted heavily by urbanisation with the air, water and natural ecosystems taking the largest blows. The air quality in rural areas is of a significant difference. Factories and automobiles are a part of air

Metropolitan areas are shaping the international economy, but the problem is that there are many disruptive forces creating inequality among many metropolitan areas. In 2016, 86% of people live in metropolitan areas making opportunity very concentrated in these areas causing poverty to become common in rural areas. More and more people move to cities because technology is slowly taking over jobs and transforming the economic landscape. Not only has technology made jobs less labor intensive, but it is also causing inequality in cities. The top ten metropolitan areas cover more than half of all the tech sector job growth. This rapid digitalization is changing the demand for skills making workers who know

Each of the three characteristic contribute to economic growth that subsequently affects social and spatial relationships within global cities. Sassen states that, “Research covering the last two and even three decades shows sharp increases in socioeconomic and spatial inequalities within major cities of the developed world and now increasingly also in cities of the global South” (Sassen, 241). With the rise of global cities and an increase in socioeconomic inequalities comes gentrification. Gentrification changes the market for everyone, as property values go up, people become displaced and homelessness becomes a bigger problem. Gentrification in a global city is the desire for culture, restaurants, museums, bars, day-care, etc. Examples of

“The reasons poverty rates remain high despite the [economic] recovery has to do with wage decline and failure of the “safety net” i.e, the government systems of taxes and transfers designed

This evidence shows that urbanisation contributes a lot to the public transport system in Guangdong. There have built several different kinds of public transports that can connect to many other cities. People can use these public transports equally. By using these convenient transports, people can live a high-efficiency life because less time is spent on the way. That is to say, even those people far away from Guangdong can go to Guangdong quickly and access the resources in Guangdong more easily. So people can enjoy different kinds of resources equally because of convenient transport. Secondly, urbanisation brings more goods to citizens and people can improve their life quality by using these goods. According to Li & Yao (2009, p. 1995), electrical appliances are becoming popular because of urbanisation. For example, air conditional owner-ship is rapidly growing up in China. Some families even have more than two units. From this evidence, it can be showed that urbanisation brings more modernised goods such as air conditioners to citizens. Citizens can access these useful goods more easily and they are able to live a higher standard life by using these goods. They have the same opportunities to buy these goods to improve their life quality. This means the opportunities to improve the quality of life can become equal in the society. All in all, urbanisation builds an equitable