The Cellular Basis of Cancer

(p133-134, text). * Define metastasis. * Development of a secondary tumor in a location distant from the primary tumor. * Accomplished via lymphatic channels and circulation. * Trace the pathways for the hematologic and lymphatic spread of metastatic cancer cells. Evidence of disseminate disease presence in lymph that drain the tumor area, tumor cells lodge first in the initial lymph node that receives drainage from the tumor site, once in this lymph node cells may die b/c of the lack of a proper environment, remain dormant for unknown reasons, or grow in a discernible mass, If they survive and grow cancer cells, may spread from more distant lymph nodes to the thoracic duct, and the gain access to the blood vasculature, cancer cells may gain access to the blood vasculature from the initial node and more distant lymph nodes by way of tumor-associated blood vessels that may infiltrate the tumor mass. Sentinel

It is called malignant because not only can it invade into adjacent organs but unfortunately a cancer can spread to other tissues and that can be life threatening. Cancer can actually occur anywhere in the body because there are cells everywhere in the body. In women, one of the most common cancers of course is breast cancer, in men prostate cancer and in men and women, lung cancer and colon cancer are common cancers. It is important to understand that the cancer that occurs in one individual is very different from the cancer that occurs in another. Everyone is different; a lung tumor in one person will be different from a lung tumor in another person. Once a diagnosis of cancer is made, the next obvious question is what do you do? There are several things that are really relevant, for example, the stage of the cancer which is information about where is the cancer? You say it’s a particular kind of cancer? How much cancer is present? Has is spread? Is it in lymph nodes? Has it spread to other organs of the body? Cancer affects everyone in one way or another. Whether it is a family member, loved one or ourselves, cancer has touched our lives.

Cancer, medically called ‘tumorigenesis’ (Thaker, Lutgendorf, & Sood, 2007, p.430) occurs when cells in the body orient themselves for malignant growth. Such cells show ‘self-sufficiency in growth signals’, are ‘insensitive to anti-growth signals’ and have ‘limitless replicative potential’ (Thaker, Lutgendorf, & Sood, 2007, p.430). Once a particular set of cells become malignant, the malignancy can spread to other set of cells in different organs due to ‘crosstalk’ between the affected cells and their surrounding ‘tissues’ and ‘micro-environments’(Thaker, Lutgendorf, & Sood, 2007, p.430).

Cancer occurs when cells in the human body create irregularities and start to duplicate at anomalous quick rates. The outcome is the development of tumors in or on the surface of the body and organs. Tumors might be generous (not destructive) or threatening (harmful). Since ordinary cell improvement and duplication is a moderate procedure which is well controlled, it is evident when cells duplicate so rapidly.

Cancer or the big C as it is commonly referred to by laymen is a scary word for people to hear or discuss. The exact cause of cancer is unknown, but is believed to be caused by many elements, including diet, chemicals, tobacco, radiation, and mutations that occur in the human body, as well as defective cells and genes. Experts know that cancer requires oxygen and nutrients to grow more cancer cells. The paper will explore the concept of angiogenesis, what it is, and how it impacts cancer, along with exploring activators and inhibitors to stop the growth of cancer. Natural products will be reviewed to highlight any potential value in eliminating and reducing the risks of getting any type of cancer.

Cancer is listed as the second most common cause of death in western countries; particularly, in adults. Though it has a long antiquity, its prevalence and incidence today is pervasive and the war on cancer has not been promising. Malignant neoplasia is characterized by uncontrolled growth and the ability to metastasize or spread from the original site. Cancer results from mutations that promote cell proliferation and inhibit cell adhesion (metastasis). According to the National Cancer Institute (2016), “Cancer can also spread regionally,

Cancer, as it invades in its place of origin, may also work its way into blood vessels. If this occurs, it provides yet another route for the cancer to spread to other organs of the body. When the cancer spreads elsewhere in the body, it has become systemic in extent and the tumor growing elsewhere is known as a metastasis.

Both of these events occur because of interactions between the cancer cells and the stromal microenvironment (Weinberg et al., 2014). The degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and regulation of cell mesenchymal integrity are require steps (Bonnomet et al., 2010; Woessner, 1991). As known that matric metalloproteins (MMPs) are play an important role on ECM degradation. Type IV collagenase and gelatinase (MMP-2 or MMP-9) are major proteases for ECM degradation leading to migration and intravasation (Martin et al., 2007). Several junction proteins, such as E-cadherin and Vascular-Endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin), are regular the integrity of cell-cell content and cell-mesenchymal contact (Fleming et al., 2000; Micalizzi et al., 2010). During cancer cells leave the original tumor organ to migrate to the target metastasis organ process, adhesion molecules (e.g., integrin-1 and E-selectin) play a key role in regulating the adhesion of tumor cells to endothelium cells (Yates et al., 2014; Okegawa et al., 2002). On the other hand, when cancer cells leave the original tumor organ to migrate to circulate system by intravasation, then they extravasation into the circulatory system to migrate to the target metastasis organ. The regulation of migration, invasion and adhesion may be an effective strategy for improving the prognosis of

Metastasis causes the most deaths in cancer yet this process remains one of the most enigmatic aspects of the disease. Metastasis has a two-phase process first phase is the physical translocation of the cancer cell and the second encompasses the cancer cell to develop into a metastatic lesion. Carcinogenesis is known as the formation of cancer, were normal cells transform into cancer cells. This process is by changes at the cellular, genetic and epigenetic level. It reprograms the cell to under go uncontrolled cell division by growing a malignant mass.

All three of the cancer spreads listed above are extremely dangerous. It is bad enough when someone has cancer in just one prat of their body. When they find that it has moved and expanded to other areas, it it just devastating. Pathologists need to know about all of the different types of metastases so that they can better assess the situation and try to keep the cancer from spreading. This is because the pathologist is the one who actually diagnoses the cancer, a regular doctor does not. Either way, understanding how cancer spreads through the body can increase the likelihood that the cancer could be contained and not

Cancer is a scary word. What is actually means is that a normal cell in the body has become abnormal. When these abnormal cells replicate, they often lump together and form masses we call tumors. Sometimes, the cells travel to other parts of the body. This spreading is known as metastasis. Cancers that are localized are much easier to treat than those which have metastasized.

Introduction: The cell migration assay, also known as “wound healing assay”, is use in order to assets cell migration. Cell migration occurs when cell, receive and response to chemical signal in the environment, this movement is known as “chemotaxis”. In our experiment we use HepG2 cell, in order to assets the rate of migration, but since these are cancer cells, it would be called “metastasis”. Which, refers to the movement of cancer cells form a primary tumor to a secondary site, there are some theories of how this is archive, but the final results is the spread of the cells thru the body thru the circulatory system. In this case, a scratch is made in the wells containing the cells, then incubated in a medium that do not allows proliferation

The tumor needs blood flow to survive so they try and attract the blood vessels to grow into the tumor to keep it alive. The blood vessels usually don’t grow very far into the tumor causing it to lack the nutrients of the blood. The tumor gets oxygen and glucose from the bloodstream. The tumors also have to figure out how to get rid of wastes and carbon dioxide. So in all the blood vessels are very important to the cancer cells because the blood stream brings out all the toxic waste for the tumor so that it doesn't

A cancer can wind up plainly ruinous locally to the tissues neighboring where it emerges. Malignancy cells can likewise metastasize. Metastasis implies that phones spread through the tissue liquid's dissemination called the lymphatic framework or through the circulation system where they would then be able to stop off in different tissues or organs where they may develop as metastases or metastatic stores and can end up plainly dangerous in these new areas.

Metastasis is a sequence of phases in which cancer cell span from the primary tumor site to other regions through lymphatics, blood or direct extension. In this process malignant cells degrade from the original tumor and bind to proteins found within the extracellular matrix, degrading them. During this degradation, malignant cells infringe the extracellular matrix