The Cerebellum

As a human get older, many of the organs will deteriorate and lost the functions. Out of all of the organs, our brains are extremely vulnerable to the process of aging. In the article of “Young blood reverses age-related impairments in cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in mice”, the researchers leaded by Saul Villeda in University of California, San Francisco, focus on the study of physical and functional property of the hippocampus in mice. Hippocampus manages the learning and memory process. However, it is extremely sensitive to aging and shows many down regulations as the brain ages. The study had also revealed the important role of Creb, which maintain hippocampus properly functional and healthy. Two different assays were used to study the role of Creb in the cognitive function and synaptic plasticity which includes testing hippocampus-related memorizing and learning processes and measuring the dendritic spine number and synaptic plasticity.

Connected to the brain stem and is located in the back of the brain is the cerebellum. The cerebellum is responsible for motor coordination and also some learning involving movement. Once someone learns a new motor action that information is held in the cerebellum.

The prefrontal cortex is very important part in our brain even though scientists use to not agree with this. The prefrontal cortex is found in the frontal lobe of your brain and is responsible for the reasoning, planning, deciding, adapting, and impulse control. This means if this section of someone’s brain is missing they wouldn’t be able to make decisions.

The cerebellum can be thought of as a second, smaller brain. It receives information from sensory systems in the body such as the spinal cord and other parts of the brain in order to regulate movement. Voluntary movements are coordinated and muscle tones and stretch reflexes are controlled by the cerebellum. When the cerebellum is damaged, these functions are impaired. One of the leading disabilities caused by a damaged cerebellum is ataxia.

While performing the off-centre attitude in parallel different groups of muscles contract to produce movement needed to execute this balance.

The diencephalon forms part of the central core of the forebrain that is surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres, and contains three main structures; the hypothalamus, the thalamus, and the epithalamus (Marieb & Hoehn, 2016).

In summary, Professionals should consider families as an important element of providing care for their child and focus should be on family support, early diagnosis, finance, training and collaboration to devise appropriate services for children with autism. It is also imperative to support and address sibling’s emotional needs. Because, siblings who grew in a better socioeconomic environment have better chance of progressing well in life compared to children who are born in poverty. It is because opportunities are less for people with disadvantaged background. Children with autism are dependant on their parents to care for them. It is imperative for parents to manage their own worries, depression and anxieties about their autistic child.

During quiet standing, the body postural ways normally occur in the sagittal (75%) and frontal (11%) planes around the ankle joint although a person tries to stand still (P. A. Federolf, 2016). These information support the idea that human body is modeled as an invert pendulum during the analysis of vertical postural control (Enoka, 1994; Latash, 2008). However, a little motion form other joints of the body also present because the human body has a number of joints or degree of freedom along its vertical axis to control its posture. For maintaining the body’s equilibrium in the field of gravity, the position of the body’s center of mass have to fall within the area of support. The muscular activity act to prevent the body losing its balance which represents as an autonomic postural control activity. Human body requires information from several sources such as visual, vestibular and somatosensory systems to detect and adapt its posture

“Receives sensory input from the eyes, ears, joints and muscles about the present position of the body parts.” “After integrating the information, the cerebellum sends motor impulses by the brain stem to the skeletal muscles, and helps to maintain posture and balance; it also ensures that all of the muscles work together to produce smooth, coordinates voluntary movements (Longenbaker, 2014, p. 170).” Damage to the cerebellum, will not give me the ability to see or hear the water running while filling up the bath tub causing an overflow. My joint muscles will not be functional in lifting, rotating, flexion and extension movements in holding my daughter in order to bathe her from head to toe. “Learning of new motor skills, such as playing the piano or hitting a baseball (Longenbaker, 2014, p. 170).” Damage will not allow me to develop new motor skills such as, finding new ways how to position and hold my daughter when washing her hair so that water does get into her ears, nose, mouth and/or eyes.

The cerebellum is a larger portion of the brain which are all vertebrates. It is ten percent of the brain. The cerebellum can be separated in three parts, the midline vermis, and two lateral hemispheres. The hemispheres are large compared to other organisms and are used for motor control. The vermis is used for controlling muscle tone and level of force. Over all the cerebellum main functions are to control the cognitive

Balance control improvement is one of the most important goals in sports and exercise. Better balance is strongly positively associated with enhanced athletic performance and negatively associated with lower limb sports injuries. Proprioception plays an essential role in balance control, and ankle proprioception is arguably the most important. This paper reviews ankle proprioception and explores possible links with balance control, specifically in a sport context. Central processing of ankle proprioceptive information, along with other sensory information, enables integration for balance control. Care must be taken when assessing ankle proprioception to ensure that the method used has ecologically valid and allows proprioceptive signals to be integrated in the central nervous system and reflects the signal-noise nature of central processing. Ankle proprioceptive intervention concepts driven by the central processing theory are further proposed and discussed for the improvement of balance control in sport.

The cerebellum (or ‘Little Brain’) is an area located at the back of the brain, positioned underneath the occipital and temporal lobes [Figure 1]. The structure’s main purpose is the fine-tuning of movement, and maintaining posture and balance. The cerebellum is commonly thought of as a motor system, because it is mostly involved in outputting to the movement (motor) system. However, the cerebellum’s purpose is not the creation of motor commands, rather the moderation and adaptation of commands to increase their accuracy. It also uses a surprisingly large amount of neurons relative to its size: although it is only approximately 10% of the brain’s total volume, it accounts for over 50% of the total number of neurons in the

The corpus in a normal brain is located in between and connects the two cerebral hemispheres. The function of the corpus callosum in the normal brain is to aid in the assimilation of sensory, motor, and cognitive processes by conveying information (through neural communication) between the two cerebral hemispheres. Unlike the anatomy of the normal brain, the split brain’s corpus callosum is severed from the two cerebral

In this lab experiment, we try to understand how the body keeps itself in its balance position. In order to keep individual in balance the body is actually constantly moving around or also called postural sway to adjust the centre of mass so it can be within the base of support. The first experiment we learn how somatosensory, visual, and vestibular system affects the maintenance of balance. These three systems receive stimulus in the environment and integrate the information and process it to the central nervous system. It demonstrates how human require all three of these sensory systems for motor controls. Losing any one of the three sensory systems can affect motor control. The aim of the first experiment is to try to understand how postural

This small area is placed to receive stimuli from all the sensory cortices and other sensory areas. It is together with the hippocampus, considered a part of the limbic system. The amygdala receives input from all levels of sensory processing. From thalamus, it receives early sensory signals that have not yet been highly analyzed. A more thorough analysis of a stimulus is done in the sensory cortex that also projects to the amygdala .