The Chaco And Its Effects On Indigenous Peoples

The Chitimacha Tribe of Louisiana is a part of the southeast Native American tribes. This tribe has been known to be farmers, hunters and gatherers (Southeast American). The extent of this paper will explore the rich tribal history and lifestyles of the Chitimacha tribe. The word Chitimacha is the people’s word for “those living on Grand River”, according to the scholarly article The Historic Indian Tribes of Louisiana: from 1542 to the Present Louisiana by Fred B. Kniffen. This is relevant information because it helps us to better understand the people of this tribe. The Chitimacha tribe is the only to still live in the same place they lived in 1700 (Kniffen). Additionally, the Chitimacha

Throughout the period of colonization, several aspects of genocide can be identified. From the Genocide Convention of 1948, genocide was lawfully defined as any of the following committed with the intent to destroy in whole or part a national ethnical, racial, or religious group as such: killing members of the group, causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group, deliberately inflicting on the group conditions to bring about its destruction, imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group, and/or forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. In what is modern day North America, European settlers began colonizing the area in hopes of achieving their goals of expanding Christianity, acquiring wealth for their countries, and/or gaining personal wealth and power. The European settlers had little care about the indigenous people of the areas they were colonizing, leading to the American Indian Wars (Lasting from 1622 - 1924) and the genocide of Native Americans. During this time period, the Native American population decreased dramatically as a result of brutal war, disease, and torture. The modern day New Mexico area in particular was home to Indian Pueblos, who showed an extreme act of resistance against their Spanish conquerors. What later became known as the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 showed how resistance to genocide can be achievable and the impacts it may have.

The Cahuilla were a Native Southern Californian tribe that occupied the Riverside County, Higher Palomar Mountain Region and East Colorado Desert. The tribe was divided into two groups or moieties know as Wildcats or Coyotes. The Cahuilla lived in small clans that varied in population, and together all the separate clans made up a larger political group called a sib ”http://www.aguacaliente.org/content/History%20&%20Culture/.” The tribe was at first considered to be very simple and savage because they were never interacted with. As the Europeans and Spanish Missionaries considered the desert an inhospitable place that was better to avoid because

The purpose of the San Carlos Apache Tribe (Tribe) Integrated Resource Management Plan (IRMP) is to define the long-term direction for managing the Tribe’s resources. This IRMP includes a vision of the future landscape of the reservation based on a desire to restore ecosystem function to resemble pre-reservation conditions as closely as possible. The IRMP directs all natural resource managers on the reservation, tribal, non-tribal and within the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), to work together with tribal leaders, tribal members and all other federal agencies, local entities or businesses to achieve desired future landscape conditions on the reservation.

The oral history of these people talk about how groups or bands of people were entrusted to care for the environment and resources within their ancestral territory (About The Hualapai Nation, 22). They are descendants of a group called the Cerbat (“Hualapai Tribe”). The tribe’s ancestral territory estimated to be about five million acres (About The Hualapai

There have been many instances throughout history in which indigenous people have unwillingly suffered the consequences of foreigners’ interaction with their culture. In the case of the Huaorani two foreign groups, the oil companies and the missionaries, invaded their land and gravely affected the life they led in the Ecuadorian amazon. In the book Savages Joe Kane gives a firsthand account at how the Huaorani fight to preserve their land and traditional way of life.

After the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, a decade of uncertainty followed. Both the Pueblo and Spanish, were uncertain as to what the future would hold. The Pueblos, after the revolt, reoccupied their pueblos and carried on with their lives while the Spanish lived in colonies in exile farther south. However, the two groups proved to not stay apart for very long. As early as 1681, Governor Otermin attempted to reconquer the Pueblo world and marched to the Isleta Pueblo with a small army of 146 men. His group was unsuccessful, however, and was forced to turn around after his group, weakened by the harsh winter conditions, encountered a group of Pueblo leaders and fighting men. Six years later, Governor Reneros led a force up the Camino Real in 1687 where he met resistance at Santa Ana and Zia Pueblos, and in 1689, Governor Jironza ferociously assaulted Zia Pueblo.

Likewise, The Comanche Empire began forming alliances and agreeing to terms of peace with certain tribes on the plains and were influenced by what these agreements and treaties would bring for the Comanche peoples subsistence. “Treaty of Camp Holmes” signed between the Comanches and Osages and related tribes was the first agreement with the U.S. and plains Indians that kicked off treaties that promised indigenous peoples goods in return for peace and land. “Particularly in this respect was the 1835 treaty of Camp Holmes, in which Comanches granted Osages and the populous immigrant tribes of Indian territory access to their lands in exchange for trading privileges.” The Comanches agreed to treaties that allowed Osages tribe and other parties of the treaties access to their land and to remain at peace with one another, and affiliated tribes, because of the agreement the Comanches were granted new trade networks in

Deforestation poses an alarming threat to Brazil’s Amazon rainforest, and it has been a serious concern for over 40 years. For thousands of years, the abundant, valuable resources in the Amazon were familiar only to the indigenous people of the region. In the 1500’s, before European colonization of Brazil, there were an estimated six to nine million individuals part of different cultures that made up a rich Amazonian society (“History”). Surrounded by the luxuriant rainforest and its natural resources, these indigenous tribes were able to thrive by utilizing the resources without destroying their habitat. After European emigration, the government of Brazil exploited the value of the Amazon’s resources in the twentieth century. In the 1970’s, the Brazilian government discovered the “untapped source of boundless potential” hiding in the Amazon and began using incentives to persuade settlers to develop its resources (Casey). Once economists realized the importance of the resources found within the rainforest, European pioneers set out to transform the Amazon into their home. By endorsing colonization, the government could not only boost the country’s economy, but also gain control over Brazil’s vast territory. The government supported migration to the rainforest and campaigned for the construction of infrastructure (“History”). In concurrence, the development of roads such as the Trans-Amazonian Highway, a 2,000 mile road built in 1972, granted people and machinery entrance to

The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 is an important event in U.S. history having been the first complete victory for Native Americans against any European nation. One of the major conflicts between the Pueblo Indians and the Spanish colonists was their different religions. Many historians believe that the Pueblo Indians revolted against the Spanish in order to eliminate Catholicism because it was threatening their own beliefs. Many Spanish officials interpret the Pueblo Revolt as being unnecessary and guided by the devil. The continuing study of this historical event will allow current Pueblo villages to learn about their ancestors' history and the major role religion had on the revolt. Further consequences of the Pueblo Revolt was the Spanish setback

The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 also known as the Pope’s Rebellion according to Wikipedia.org it was named for one of the Pueblo Indians “Ohkay Owingeh” which means Pope. The people wanted the Spanish colonizers to leave the Province of Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico which is now known as New Mexico today. 400 Spanish where killed and the pueblo people drove the 2,000 remaining settlers out of the province.

Throughout chapter six, seven, and eight of Knaut’s book The Pueblo Revolt of 1680, he sets up the scene and leads up to the events that caused The Pueblo Revolt. While the tail end of chapter eight describes the actual revolt, most of the writing we read by Knaut describes the history leading up to 1680. In chapter 6, Knaut starts describing Spanish and Pueblo relation history in New Mexico beginning around 1609. The colony of New Mexico was isolated from the rest of New Spain in Mexico and this made it difficult for the colony. The six month journey from Mexico City to Santa Fe was dangerous due to the climate, length, and indigenous people in the region.

United States history is taught in public schools from the time we are able to understand its importance. Teachings of honorable plights by our forefathers to establish this great nation are common. However, specific details of this establishment seem to slip through the cracks of our educational curriculum. Genocide by definition is the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political or cultural group. The Chiricahua Indian Tribe of the American southwest and northern Mexico suffered almost complete annihilation at the hands of the American policy makers of the late nineteenth century, policy makers that chose to justify their means by ignoring their own tyrannical ways.

The Pueblo Indians have taught a lot of people about their rich culture. The famous rebellion was about the Pueblos breaking away from the Spanish. The techniques that they handed down about farming and architecture that are still being used today. Without the contributions that they have given to America, the country would not be where it is today. Throughout history the Pueblo Indians have grown in culture tremendously, showing that they are a very complex group of people.

In the end, Dances and the comanches go out to kill the white soldiers because the white soldiers killed Dances wolf Two Socks and his wolf Cisco. Dances says, “ I got two, Dances with wolves yelled back. He lifted his chained hands into the air and cried out with these”(303). Dances kills the white soldiers with the chain on his hands and put the chains on the body of the dead sargent.