Essay On Chad Cameroon Petroleum Development And Pipeline Development

Chad has gone through decades of corruption and poverty due to lack of transparency with oil revenues from the government.

Situated along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea is a region about the size of South Carolina that offers a land full of sweet, light crude oil, known as the Niger Delta (Delta). The Delta sits within the country of Nigeria in West Africa and is in a constant state of crisis, underpinned by a multitude of key issues. Those issues include severe poverty, soil and water contamination, high infant mortality rates, low life expectancy, depletion of natural resources, corruption, and armed militia groups. These issues have one thing in common: oil.

Wildcat Oil has recently discovered a 500 million barrel crude oil reservoir in Kasakstan, and the firm needs a preliminary cost estimate for a feasibility study for a facility to produce the oil and for transporting this oil. Wildcat Oil has already paid the Kasakstan govt. $400M in up-front lease costs for this reservoir. Engineers predict recovery of about 300 million barrels with current technology, however the oil facilities and

Imagine living in a third world country with overcrowded houses and no job. That is how, “about 22% of our country’s 5.2 million Native Americans live” (A Program of Partnership With Native Americans). Right now Native American people take up about 2% of all land in North America, most of it being around the area of North and South Dakota. Over the past week there have been protests over the insertion of an oil pipeline through the Native American people, mainly the Standing Rock tribe’s, sacred land. This new pipeline would, “threaten water supplies for the Standing Rock Sioux and millions of others downstream, and its route would destroy tribal burial grounds and sacred cultural land” (Healy). Many of the Native American people, along

One of the big issues is farmers in Iowa are concerned about the damage to the land and groundwater if the pipeline had a leak and went into the ground or water. This pipeline is 1170 miles long and it could carry 500,000 barrels of oil a day. The big problem is it has to go through the river and if the pipeline leaked any oil it could contaminate that river and people drinking water. According to the USA, The Bakken oil company sends some of their oil by rail if they build this pipeline they can move corn quicker on rail and not have problems, But if they move corn quicker the price of grain will go down and it will hurt the farmer. Another problem is the farmer put tile in the ground to drain water off their land the company putting in the pipeline does not care about the farmers tile The pipeline would cost 3.8 billion dollars. This concludes that the environment and farm are affected by this big time.

The approximate 1,172 mile, 30-inch diameter, would connect Bakken and Three Forks production areas in North Dakota to Patoka, Illinois. The pipeline would allow oil to be moved in a “More profitable and environmentally safer manner.” Yet, any leak would cause immediate and irreplaceable

Earlier this year construction was started on an oil pipeline that would carry 400,000 barrels of oil a day from the Brakken and Three Forks region of North Dakota down to an existing pipeline in Illinois travelling through South Dakota and Iowa. It’s being built by a company called Energy Transfer Partners, and its total costs are around $3.7 million dollars. This company says that the reason for the pipeline is to lessen reliance on foreign oils, and that it is more environmentally safe than having the oil transfer by railways or by trucks. They also cite its economic benefits which include 8,000-12,000 jobs in construction and

and productive, but what if isn't. Kariba Dam is one of many projects funded by World Bank in

The North Dakota oil pipeline, also known as the Bakken pipeline project, is a controversial underground pipeline development in the United States initiated in the year 2014. It is an access pipeline scheme approximated to run over 1,172 miles or 1886 km underground with 30-inch diameter pipeline from the Bakken oil field in North Dakota to Patoka in Illinois. The plan of the project is that the construction should be in a somewhat straight line from North Dakota, through South Dakota, Iowa to Illinois, with a completion time estimated to be by the end of the fourth quarter of 2016. The projected budget for the accomplishment of North Dakota oil pipeline is $3.7 billion raised through loans and shareholders’ contributions. Upon its completion, the pipeline will transport over 470,000 barrels every day with a potential to transport in excess of 570,000 barrels daily, which constitutes over 50% of the current crude oil production in Bakken per day (Energy Transfer).

Water pollution is defined as any chemical or physical change in a body of water that is harmful to the living organisms that embody it. In many cases, water pollution can occur through natural processes like erosion or through pollutants made by man. In the specific case study of the North Dakota oil pipeline, American Indians who are members of the Standing Rock Sioux tribe fear that this pipeline would be a major environmental, as well as cultural threat to their land. This pipeline’s route travels right through ancient ancestral lands that are not protected by the reservation. It is feared that the construction of this pipeline would amount in catastrophic environmental damage to the ancestral land, and to the Missouri River if it were

The Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) is a 1,172 mile long underground oil pipeline that begins in the Bakken shale oil fields of North Dakota, and cuts across South Dakota and Iowa before reaching its destination of Illinois. The pipeline is under construction by Dakota Access, a subsidiary of Energy Transfer Partners. Construction and implementation of the pipeline costs approximately $3.78 billion dollars. After completion, the pipeline would transport roughly 570,000 thousand barrels of crude oil daily. Approval of the pipeline required permits from both the federal and state levels of government, and those with authority to make a decision surrounding its construction included the President and the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE).

     Nigeria has been a country in political turmoil for a long time. The country was created in 1914 under British colonial rule and at that time it was considered a protectorate. It was not until 1960 that Nigeria received independence from the United Kingdom. One of Nigeria's problems politically is that it has over three hundred different ethnic groups. The three largest of these are the Hausa-Fulani, Igbo, and Yoruba. At the time of the independence of Nigeria it was split up into three states with each state being under the control of one of the major ethnic groups. The natural resources of the other 297 ethnic groups were exploited for the major three groups,

Most children in the Niger delta have little or no education, due to lack of funds from their parents who have lost their lands and have no jobs because of limited opportunities. The Niger delta government and the oil companies have refused to look into the situation; instead they favor their close relations neglecting the masses. Corruption in the Niger delta has led some youths in taking drastic measure in order to put food on their table. For example, Ikechukwu Efe an indigene of the Niger delta said that some of his friends created their own “oil refinery”, which is made up of crude oil in metal barrels with controlled heat from fire woods. This is a dangerous process in refining crude oil but the degree of poverty in the state left his friends with no choice. If only the government of the Niger delta have created jobs with the wealth of the state Ikechukwu’s friend would not have to put their lives in danger. Until corruption is put to an abrupt the people of the Niger delta will continue to live in poverty.

The oil and gas industries involve a high amount of documentation for both transportation as well as extraction and field services. Activities are highly regulated, and subject to oversight from Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), the Department of Transportation (DoT), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Department of the Interior (DoI). That said, the process of regulation is trending toward a more digitized system, with organizations like FERC having their own submission portals that implement a “fill-in-the-blank” platform to complete forms. However, not all forms have yet been converted to digital submission even in agencies with online portals, and other agencies still remain reliant on

Pipeline transportation is a process which can be used to transport natural gas from discovery areas or refinery plant to its distribution station, its length is generally from hundreds to thousands of kilometers. It has already had 130 years history, its development is closely related to the improvement of oil and gas industry as one of the main way to ship oil and natural gas. Modern pipeline transport began in the mid-19th century, the first natural gas pipeline around the world has been built at 1886 in Pennsylvania of American but its further development is beginning in the 20th century. With the expansion of natural gas industry after World War II, countries in the world have begun to build considerable natural gas pipelines, the length of global main pipelines have exceed 1,600,000 Kilometer so far. Currently, it has already become an important way to transport a large quantity of natural gas on land. This essay will show the efficiency of natural gas pipeline transportation in safety, stability and economy aspects. In addition, pipelines can enable natural gas transport more secure, stable and economical. Pipelines’ safety will be discussed in the first, following this, the essay will show that pipelines are easier to maintain a stable operating condition. At last, the economy of pipelines will be given.