The Challenges Of Amphibians

Some recommendations that we have to help the Foothill Yellow-Legged Frogs incorporates the government. The government is able to help by putting these amphibians on the endangered list and providing laws to protect them. Putting restrictions on areas where these frogs live to protect their population can help these frogs grow, and those who disturb their population should be fined. Another way these frogs can be helped is to promote volunteering for nonprofit organizations such as Tule Ponds. By promoting volunteering, habitats can be restored by acts such as clearing out invasive species, like we did during our service project. Lastly, regulating trade can significantly help while protecting these frogs. This prevents invasive species from taking over the native ones and will allow habitats to grow peacefully. By reducing the number of invasive plants in the area, this can protect the habitats of these frogs as well as other

The mountain yellow-legged frog is declining due to the introduction of trout, contaminants, increased levels of ultraviolet radiation, and the fungal disease, chytridiomycosis. David Bradford, one of the first witnesses to the decline in the late seventies, noticed the species dropping because of the red-leg disease. Because this is a secondary infection, the frog’s immune system was weakened before the disease became existent. The chytrid fungus was first cited in the Sierra Nevada in 2001, brought here from African clawed frogs, but studies have suggested that the disease has been evident since the mid-‘70s. Nearly three decades later, the mountain yellow-legged frog is still declining. Currently, with a ninety-eight percent decline, there

Thirty hair samples that had ample skin tags were selected for mtDNA complete genome sequencing and for HV region sequencing to determine the haplogroup of the samples. The samples were sent to Family Tree DNA for sequencing. The source of the samples was withheld from Family Tree

Identification to the 27-group level would take much less time than identification to the family level. More expertise is required to identify benthos to the family level, so consultation with taxonomic experts could lead to increased project costs. If more specialized equipment, such as microscopes or taxonomic keys, is required for higher levels of identification project costs may increase even more. In addition, an increased probability of errors occurs with increasing taxonomic detail. There would be a low probability of error in identification to the 27-group level and a medium probability of error for family level identification (Jones et al

A Macaya Breast-Spot frog is one of the smallest frogs in the world. You can find it on the Formon and Macaya peaks in the southwestern part of Haiti. These frogs are expected to decrease by 80% by the next 10 years. They are endangered because of habitat destruction. Most of their homes are getting burned

There are many environmental culprits that are causing species of amphibians to decline in numbers. Consequently, there are an alarming number of amphibians across the U.S. with deformities such as missing limbs or extra limbs due to environmental causes. Environmental scientists say that the widespread occurrence of amphibians with deformities might be due to water pollution or chemical pollutants in the water. There are other factors that might have caused these frogs to have missing or extra limbs such as parasites, ozone depletion, and weather patterns. However, Amphibians are not the only species that have declined in population. According to an article written by Beth Baker poor water quality is to blame for the decrease in population of sea grass, coral, and fish along with many other misfortunes.

The Southern Corroboree Frog is a critically endangered species found on Mt Kosciusko, in Victoria, Australia.

Systematic classification of brown trout is quite complex and has many nomenclatural. Systematic position of Genus Salmo has not been fully clarified due to the disagreement about whether or not consider some of the Brown trout subspecies or ecotypes as a different species (Bagliniere and Maisse, 1999). The recognition that morphology of brown trout could change under different environmental conditions led some of the researchers to group all of these forms into a single polytypic species called Salmo trutta (Ferguson, 2004). Meanwhile multiple species derived from Salmo trutta macrostigma (Duméril, 1858) were renamed in Turkey based on their morphological appearance (Turan et al., 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014). Also S. t. labrax were also renamed

The corroboree frog is a native Australian frog found in the mountain ranges of the Kosciusko national park. There are two variations of the frogs inside the species these include the northern corroboree frog (NCF) and the southern corroboree frog (SCF). Historically scientist named these frogs based on where they were found in the Kosciusko national park. The NCF lives in the northern parks of Kosciusko national park, Namiadgi National park and Rinabella national park, as seen in the image below. The NCF lives between 750 – 1800 m above sea level (Toragona zoo, Corroboree frog habitat). The SCF lies entirely in Kosciusko national park, form Smiggln hole to maragle range, from southwards to northwards. The SCF generally lives from 1300 – 1760 m above sea level. Currently the distribution of the frog is widely spread as the frog try to move from areas infected with the chytrids fungus. These frogs are extremely hard to find in the wild, as they are critically endangered. The frogs are most commonly fund in protected areas in the national park, which were introduced by the Australian government.

The Yellow Tongued Duckweed Frog evolved from its most common ancestor, the Green Frog. The Green frog is a species of frog native to the eastern half of the United States and Canada. Both of these frog species belong to the Animalia Kingdom. The Yellow tongued Duckweed Frog is a mid-sized frog just like the Green Frog, however its legs are longer. Both of these species are highly aquatic, but also spend a small amount of time out of the water. Green Frogs prefer to live in ponds and shallow water with little trees and plants, however the Yellow Tongued Duckweed Frog lives in swamps with plentiful vegetation.

Frogs, toads, caecilians, and salamanders are the members of the class Amphibian (amphi- meaning “on both sides” and bios- meaning “life”). These members always require water for reproduction. Most Amphibians undergo metamorphosis, which is a usually degenerative pathological change in the structure of a particular body tissue. And, in the case of Amphibians, it is the changing of a tadpole into

The DNA Barcoding is becoming more popular in the present times due to its accuracy in the identification of different species. It has been approved to be more accurate than other taxonomic methods. The DNA Barcoding employs in the use of Polymerase Chain Reaction to magnify the COI gene. The amplified COI genes of the organisms are sequenced and compared with a known database of the organisms. The DNA Barcoding aids in understanding many characteristics of the species. These characteristics of the species include; trophic interactions, species boundaries, conservation of the biodiversity and functional feature of evolution (Kress et al. 1). Biologists use DNA Barcodes to single out an unknown species by matching a particular genetic marker to a reference genetic database. DNA Barcode can be one or short sequences of the genes taken from the standardized genome (Nagy et al. 2). This paper discusses the use of DNA Barcoding to determine the prohibited parrot trade.

The chemical and reagents used for the extraction and quantitation of DNA were: Plant DNAzol (0.3ml/0.1g), 100% ethanol (100%: 0.225 ml/0.1 g, 75%: 0.3 ml/0.1 g), Chloroform (0.3 ml/0.1 g), Plant DNAzol-ethanol solution: Plant DNAzol, 100% ethanol (1:0.75 v/v), TE buffer (10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA pH 8.0), 1.2% agarose gel (Agarose, 1X TAE buffer), 6X loading buffer (glycerol, Tris/EDTA pH 8.0, ethidium bromide), .25X TAE buffer, Restriction enzymes and Restriction endonuclease buffers. All the chemicals used were quality grade. The restriction

Results of the first PCR reaction and gel electrophoresis with all primer sets can be seen in image 2. The first well contained the molecular weight marker, well 2; primer set 1, well 3; primer set 2, well 4; primer set 3, well 5; primer set 4 and well 6; primer set 5. The primer bands can be seen to have run to the end of the gel in wells 2 through 6, however no cDNA band were visible, only the weight maker bands were seen in the first well. The process was redone with a lower annealing temperature in the PCR stage with the aim to increase binding of the primers to the cDNA. Only primer set 2 was used, and again only marker bands in well 1 and primer bands at the end of well 2 were visible, which does not give any conclusive results, that can be seen in Image 2. Still determined, a third PCR reaction was performed with marker in well 1 and primer set 2 in wells 2 through 6, but with a PCR cycling conditions and temperature gradient. But, alas Image 3 revealed no useful data. As the GFP gene product was absent in al performed tests. Validation of extracted Zoanthid cDNA cannot proceed.

This essay based on the principle of real time PCR which uses CYBR green dye that combines to any double stand DNA. This process included two maim steps. The first step was designing of HSV-1 primer and /or HSV-2 primer (we have chosen only HSV-1). BioEdit software has been used to edit the nuclide sequences where necessary. After that the primer has been ordered. The second step was in the laboratory which included applying the HSV-1 primers to real time PCR protocol. The final results of this protocols aim to demonstrate the quality of HSV-1 primer that we have designed by interpretation three criteria. These are specificity, efficiency and