The Change Of Wor Vs. Dimensionless Time

The lab for this paper was conducted for the topic of osmosis, the movement of water from high to low concentration. Five artificial cells were created, each being filled with different concentrated solutions of sucrose. These artificial cells were placed in hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic solutions for a period of 90 min. Over time, the rate of osmosis was measured by calculating the weight of each artificial cell on given intervals (every 10 minutes). The resulting weights were recorded and the data was graphed. We then could draw conclusions on the lab.

The higher the water potential in one location compared to another location, will cause the water and molecules to move from the high potential to the low water potential.

Osmosis is the passive movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration, normally across a membrane which prevents the movement of solvent. This is a process by which materials may move into, out of, or within cells. Osmosis doesn’t depend on energy provided by living organisms but is affected by the properties of the cell membrane. The rate of osmosis is dependent on such factors as temperature, pressure, molecular properties such as size and mass, and the concentration gradient. In osmosis, the relationship between a solute’s concentration outside of cell and inside of a cell is described in terms of the tonicity of the solution outside of the cell. A cell is in a hypotonic solution when the solute is more concentrated inside the cell and therefore water moves into the cell. In this solution the cell swells as water enters, this may continue until it ruptures or hemolyzes. In the reverse condition, the cell is in a hypertonic solution

ABSTRACT: There are two types of theories regarding many worlds: one is modal, while the other is temporal. The former regards reality as consisting of many possible worlds, while the latter holds that reality consists of many momentary worlds, which are usually called moments. I compare these two theories, paying close attention to the concept of transworld identity and compare trans-possible world identity with trans-momentary world identity (or transmoment identity). I characterize time from the point of many-worlds view, believing this to be one of the best ways of grasping the reality of time. First, I show that there is reason to adopt the many-worlds view because transworld

Over the years, the oil industry has grown larger. Shipments of oil have been moved by sea from one country to another. In this event, oil spills tend to occur. This disaster can affect the environment in many ways. It can affect both the animals and the habitats living in the habitats.

Nicholas Gregoriou 219761787 16/03/2018 Diffusion of Osmosis through a Membrane Introduction The aim of these experiments are to determine the diffusion of osmosis through a selectively permeable membrane by using a solute and determining the rate at which concentration moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration and marking the time taken from the starting point to the end point. Membranes can be impermeable to larger molecules such as ions and proteins to pass through where permeable membranes will allow hydrophobic molecules such as lipids and small molecules like oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide to pass through. The motive force for the movement of water is the differences in osmotic pressure between

Investigating the Water Potential Of Potato Cells Aims 1. To test how water potential, in a solution, affects the movement of water in and out of a cell by osmosis Prediction I predict that by increasing the water potential around the outside of the potato cell, (i.e. so that the water potential is greater outside the cell compared to the inside of the cell e.g. 0m sucrose) that the net movement of water into the cell will increase. This is due to the water potential being greater outside the cell compared to the inside of the cell, therefore water will diffuse into the cell by a process of osmosis. The opposite however will occur when the water potential outside the cell is lower than that inside the cell (i.e. with hypotonic solutions,

The data shown in figure 5 demonstrates the adequacy of the Level Pool Routing approximation. The two water levels run very closely with very little error. The difference between the two can be attributed to human error when reading the observed times during the experiment.

Change in oil saturation is represented as percent of original oil in place. After water flooding, the remaining oil saturation in the sand-pack was around 66%. Since the water saturation also effect the performance of the foam/PEF, all the tertiary recovery (foam/PEF) were performed around similar water saturation [41]. The weak foaming solutions resulted in a lower apparent viscosity of foam within porous media. For N85 surfactant solution, foam generation was unsuccessful up to 10 PV of SAG injections. After oil bank production, the rate of foam collapse may have been much higher than that of foam generation that resulted in no pressure build up and therefore stable foam did not propagate through porous media. The addition of polymer into N85 surfactant solution slightly increased the apparent viscosity and resulted in N85-PEF propagation. On the other hand, in the case of DDBS foaming solution, foam could generate and propagate through porous media faster than N85-PEF. This again shows the importance of selecting a proper foaming agent. In addition to a strong foaming agent, polymer significantly improved the foam propagation through heavy oil saturated porous media. Considering DDBS-PEF curve, PEF started to propagate right after oil bank production. It reached to steady state foam injection where almost entire sand-pack was occupied by PEF. At this point, the pressure drop value should be almost similar to that of water-saturated sand-pack at steady state (stage III)

8. Lastly, observe and make note of what happens at the interface between the oil and water.

It is comparable to what we normally think of as a timeline with temporal ordering

From April through September 2010, oil poured into the Gulf at an estimated 60,000 gallons per day. Throughout the months in between, many efforts were made in attempt to halt the gushing oil, however all proved unsuccessful (Pallardry). It was not until September 17 that an effort known as “BottomKill”, which involved pumping cement through an oil relief well4 was finally able to stop the oil from leaking into the ocean. From here out, efforts were focused on the incredible task of cleaning (Pallardry).

This paper explains the idea behind the tertiary recovery method of heavy crude oil from a reservoir using the thermal recovery method of fire flooding (in situ combustion) and its processes of incorporating conditions of the crude. These heavy oils have high viscosity which requires more heat to and create less surface tension in order to allow for much better mobility. In order for this all to happen and it relies on the use of injected air and water while also utilizing those components to the advantage of thermal recovery to heat and vaporize oil and produce steam from water. This heated gas and vapor then provides a thermal push by combustion and pushing oil into the designated production well by methods of dry combustion (air injection, no water), wet combustion (air injection with water), and reverse combustion by means of injecting water and gas on opposite sides of the reservoir for the complete combustion of the whole reservoir.

Smart waterflooding has recently proven more effective in improving the contemporary recovery processes through the manipulation of the salinity and compositions of the injected water. Different approaches have been tested by various research groups to evaluate its effectiveness, such as brine dilution and ionic variation. The brine dilution approach, also known as low-salinity, which involves lowering of the total brine salinity, has shown tremendous improvement in oil recovery from core experiments using clay-rich sandstone rocks in the range of 5-30% oil originally in place (OOIP) (Jadhunandan and Morrow, 1995; Lager et al., 2008; McGuire et al., 2005; Tang and Morrow, 1999; Webb et al., 2005; Yildiz and Morrow, 1996). Similar improvements, between 3% and 19% OOIP, have been observed in carbonate reservoirs, though the brine dilution effects and its underlying mechanisms are more complex in carbonate than sandstone reservoirs (Austad et al., 2011; Chandrasekhar and Mohanty, 2013; Romanuka et al., 2012; Yi and Sarma, 2012; Yousef et al., 2011; Zahid et al., 2012). Essentially, this is because the bonding energy between the carboxylic component of oil and carbonate rocks is higher than with sandstone rocks (Awolayo et al., 2015). As a result, carbonate rocks are oil-wet, though not all, instead they are usually mixed-wet subject to the nature of the rock mineral surface, oil properties, and their interactions (Anderson, 1986; Donaldson et al., 1969; Morrow, 1990). It is the

This process is very efficient, and it produces great amounts of oil, usually greater than the first phase of recovery. However, the injected water doesn’t mix with the present oil in the reservoir, it only pushes out the free particles and bypasses the other ones that are trapped or attached to the rocks, leaving 50 to 70%of the available oil in the reservoir.