The Characteristics Of Client Patron Relationships

Two futures for Africa are possible-one with a democratic and stable Nigeria, and one with a Nigeria stricken by autocratic rule, corruption, and intermittent coups. An entire continent awaits the result of the Nigerian experiment with democracy. Nigeria has the resources and can provide leadership to foster greater regional and international cooperation, leadership that many of Nigeria's neighbors need. A successful Nigerian democracy would provide hope for many of Africa's other burgeoning democracies.

Evidence of this first presented itself after Aguiyi-Ironsi dissolved the regional governments of Nigeria after the initial military coup of 1966 (Falola 1999, 118). His Unification Decree incited outrage among Nigerians, whose lives were based upon opportunities granted to them by their provincial governments (Falola 1999). The federal government rewarded members of the provinces’ ethno-political elite with

War was inevitable: ‘This simple and seemingly innocuous action broke the last thread and split the last institution symbolizing Nigeria's nationhood and cohesion which had been regularly tampered with by the politicians since 1962. The rift between the Eastern Region and the rest of the country was total’ (ibid). In a meeting convened in Aburi, Ghana, by Ghanaian general Gen. Ankrah, leader of the eastern region military Lt. Col. Ojukwu understood the real issues at hand and convinced attendees that the only way for Nigeria to stay together is that it has to break apart, effectively implying secession. After a breakdown in communication, a frustrated federal government passes Decree no. 8 of 17th March 1967, which split Nigeria’s regions into twelve states. This was seen by Lt. Col. Yakubu Gowon as a pre-emptive, non-violence weapon against the east. The eastern region was split into 3 states. Lt. Col. Ojukwu unsurprisingly rejected Decree no. 8 and states that the Enugu, (capital of Nigeria’s eastern region) is headed for secession. On the 30th of May 1967, the eastern region of Nigeria declares itself as the independent sovereign state of Biafra. The Federal military fired the first bullet on the 6th of July 1967. Now this essay will turn to providing a background to the development of Realism as an analytical theory of International Relations.

The incomprehensible mainland of Africa is so rich and different in its society with it transforming beginning with one of the nation then coming the next one as well as inside an individual nation numerous diverse societies might be found.

In "War and the State in Africa," Jeffrey Herbst states that "…it should be recognized that there is very little evidence that African countries, or many others in the Third World, will be able to find peaceful ways to strengthen the state and develop national identities."

When Idi Amin’s policies are forcing Asians to leave Uganda, Mina’s father Jay asks his lifelong native Ugandan friend Okelo, “Where should I go? Where should I go? This is my home” (Nair). Okelo replies, “Not any more, Jay. Africa is for Africans—black Africans” (Nair). Although the pain of being forced to leave Uganda so that its indigenous people can regain control of the economy is massive for Jay, it is this remark by his closest friend that devastates him, because what it tells him is that he does not belong in Uganda. He is not wanted, not accepted—not even by his best friend.

Unfortunately, the political elite in Africa and particularly Kenya have resorted to various dubious applications of language not only to defraud, loot, plunder and further their selfish agenda but also to mystify politics as well as stoke ethnical differences to brew animosity (the politics of them against us) among the citizenry. They have cannily created a volatile environment where communities and neighbors who have coexisted for centuries in peaceful neigbourliness by planting thorny seeds of distrust thereby killing the spirit of Ubuntu (human kindness) and Ujamaa/undugu (‘familyhood’); the Rwanda genocide notwithstanding.

In Besteman’s ethnographies, South Africa face the challenges of transforming its self after dealing with apartheid. In reality , I had expected more data on the post-war Sierra Leone , only because it has been a decade since the conflict ended. I believe that my frustration stems from me being originated from Sierra Leone. I would love for this country to pick up in terms of macroeconomics and microeconomics. But I now understand how detrimental civil wars are. My study shows one of the few concept discussed in class of African. It represents the most common problem the majority of African countries are facing , which is their corrupt government. The development for majority of African countries would be more of a constant growth if the government systems were firm and

The ethnicization of politics began when European colonial powers transformed race and tribe into a static entity for the colonial legal project (Mamdani, 2002). Much like the Bantustans completely ethnicized society in apartheid-era South Africa (Handley, 2015), ethnicity became important for the colonial “divide and conquer” strategy throughout the continent. Administrating a large African populace could only be completed through a differentiation of ethnic identities. Unfortunately, most African states maintained this systematic segregation of peoples through decolonization and the post-colonial era. The patrimonial elites that inherited power in the post-colonial government could use this strategy to ensure a longer political rule (Hagg & Kagwanja, 2008). The result of segregation in Kenya recently transformed into political turmoil. Where Kenya is an example of an emerging democracy in the African context, ethnicity is viewed with trepidation (Jung, 2000). The proclaimed “2007-2008 Kenya Crisis” exemplifies the notion of ethnic tension. In this paragraph, I

In recent times, a lot of countries in Africa practice a federal system of government where a mandated person is elected and in power for four years, but will not leave power because of corruption and oppression, making it difficult to create a room for a change. Most presidents will remain in power for decade’s threatening its people, oppressing and creating division amongst its citizens, thus democracy is abused. Most times, the president of 80% of countries in Africa, divert funds for its state and country into their own personal accounts, leaving people to die of

The client’s mother brought her in for services because of her “rough” behaviors and aggression. With CBT, the therapist will focus on the thoughts that are causing the feelings, which are then causing the behaviors. When others tell the client something that she does not agree with or like, the client has an anger outburst and sometimes uses physical harm on the other person. The aggressive behavior could be triggered by the thought that no one else cares about what she thinks. With the CBT model, we can help the client take responsibility for her own actions. When the client plays rough with her brother, she gets angry and hits him. That behavior is triggered by the thought that client’s brother is playing too rough with her and trying to hurt her. Through redirection, the therapist can work with the client to understand how positive and negative thoughts lead to a specific thought, which then lead to a

By this ruling, the various European countries who ruled certain African countries were empowered and as such, they imposed their own administrative and legal systems on those lands which they governed. We find a mixture and a blend where by country after country came to be made up of peoples with different cultural characteristics. However, we must emphasize that this character of division from colonialism made things complex. An example of this complexity in terms of territoriality is illustrated when we identify ‘Ewe people to be found in Ghana, Togo, and the republic of Benin.’ The African inhabitants were Europeanized in terms of culture. The African is made to abolish her cultural identity to embrace a totally different and alien form

The wider ramification that this thesis attempts to show is how to best understand how countries interact with each other, there needs to be exploration of the nation’s state interests. The problem with international relations is that it often ignores the uniqueness of African states by categorising them as part of the ‘third world’ or part of more powerful nation’s schemes for their own interests. The different interpretations of realism are seriously affected by dismissing the power politics of Africa in regional, continental or global international politics. Additionally is the reinforcement of a double standard of how states operate. To say that some states operate in self-interest but others do not because of their weak political position in the global theatre is problematic. This is just as problematic of designating one policy trait, such as the genocide guilt card, as the only one of a nation. The complexities of the international sphere can only be properly understood through examining the nations that compose it. Thus this case study allows structural realism to build itself in a region, which had not been previously interested because of Cold War politics and Euro-centric focus. The rise of African power nations in the post-Cold War era is an opportunity for realists to be able to test their theories with nations that follow many of realism’s

At the moment, there is a lot of hope for the economic development of Africa and its government, its potential for western policy and globalization to promote growth on the continent. Globalization is the rise of political, cultural, and economical ties across international boundaries that way significantly on African countries, especially through the building of nonactive phases among its nations, by bringing down barriers in the areas of business and culture. Globalization has become one of the growing discussions and concerns in economic groups since the mid-1990s, and continues to grow.

The story of Africa is incredibly long and complex but what makes this history so interesting was Africa’s autonomy in creating it. For centuries Africans were left to their own devices and were able to flourish in several regions and time periods without any aid from foreign powers. That is, until colonialism entered the scene and drastically changed the course that Africa was on. No longer was Africa free to progress and develop according to the cultures and traditions that existed. Rather, hegemonic states used their political and economic power to employ colonialism, hijacking African history during the twentieth century. In order to evaluate the impact of colonialism and its dismantlement throughout the twentieth century, one must acknowledge the events that preceded this century. Despite the clear existence of several functioning states in Africa, colonial powers viewed the continent as inferior and in desperate need of intervention.