The Chemical Balance In Mental Health Problems Summary

The resulting high dopamine levels are responsible for the hallucination, dissociation and psychosis within reactions to PCP.

Schizophrenia is classified as a mental disorder that shows profound disruption of cognition and emotion which affects a person’s language, perception, thought and sense of self. The dopamine hypothesis states that schizophrenic’s neurones transmitting dopamine release the neurotransmitter too easily, leading to the characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia. This hypothesis claims that schizophrenics have abnormally high amounts of D2 receptors; receptors that receive dopamine, therefore resulting in a higher amount of D2 receptors binding to the receptors causing more impulses. Dopamine neurotransmitters play a

Psychologically, people who suffered from mental illness are more likely to have being traumatised, being neglected, too emotional and sexually abuse. There are so many things that triggers mental illness which are low self-esteem, poverty, loss of job, anger, anxiety, death of loved ones like parents, friend or someone important, loneliness, adverse childhood experience, relationships and divorce.

The major support and refutation of the dopamine hypothesis has come from the examination of dopamine receptors in these regions of the brain. There are two main types of dopamine receptors, D1 and D2. However, within the category of D2 receptors, there are three subtypes, D2, D3, and D4. (5) Through PET scan analysis of dopamine usage in the brain and post-mordum molecular analysis of brain tissue, researcher were able to determine relative levels of dopamine receptors in patients with schizophrenia compared to non-schizophrenics. Overall analysis of dopamine

In the research presented by Howes and Kapur (2009), they have pointed out a possible concern to invalidate the dopamine hypothesis in schizophrenia as current PET studies did not holding a firm position in measure the dopamine level, they were more to a postulation of a generated estimation from the data. Furthermore, Howes and Kapur (2009) also stressed that the role of dopamine could be circumvented by using the antipsychotic drugs which effectively to the psychotic symptoms but neutral to the dopamine system, thus the role of dopamine will be less critical in schizophrenia. This is because most of the recent antipsychotic researches only prove that dopamine merely contributed in providing a solution in alleviating the psychosis-liked-symptoms but those symptoms are not the symptoms only existed in schizophrenia.

Auditory hallucination is a fundamental presentation observed in patients suffering from schizophrenia. It is one of the frequently occurring symptoms considered to be disabling in schizophrenia, but despite vast and numerous organized studies undertaken in this area in order to comprehend the pathophysiology of auditory hallucination, little success has been realized, and it remains to be complex in research, understanding, and expressing the knowledge accrued (Kaprinis, 2008.) The auditory processing in schizophrenia seems to be different from that of normal individuals because patients inflicted with this mental illness complain of voices deep inside their heads. The voices are described as coming

The term “Dreamers” depicts a new set of immigrants in the United States. Dreamers are immigrant children who were brought illegally to the United States. The argument revolving around Dreamers is a controversial debate because the rule of law has clearly been broken, however by the actions of adults. Therefore, should children who were brought here through no fault of their own, be penalized because of the actions of adults? It is a great problem that faces this country.

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with attention. Schizophrenics seem to have an increased number of D2 dopamine receptors on receiving neurons. This theory is support by the fact that Phenothiazines bind with D2 receptors and reduce positive symptoms. Another piece of supporting evidence is that Parkinson’s disease drug L-dopa, increase the level of dopamine and causes schizophrenic like symptoms in some people. However excess dopamine can only explain some types of schizophrenia, usually positive rather than negative.

Paranoid Schizophrenia can come on quick suddenly and disrupt a person’s normal daily functions. People suffering from paranoid schizophrenia prominently experience delusions and hallucinations. Some individuals can be predisposed to schizophrenia due to cortical atrophy hypothesis or the dopamine hypothesis. Cortical atrophy hypothesis believes that the patient’s brain size can cause schizophrenia, while the dopamine hypothesis argues that levels of dopamine in the brain are directly related to the onset of schizophrenia.

The Dopamine Hypothesis theorizes that the symptoms portrayed in Schizophrenia is can be explained by abnormal function of dopamine in the brain. There have been three versions of the Dopamine Hypothesis. The first version of the hypothesis focuses on the dopamine receptors. Antipsychotic drugs that impact the metabolization and reabsorption of dopamine where found to be effective in treating the symptoms. It was theorized that if the symptoms of a Schizophrenic episode can be treated by the use of dopamine

Over the years, experiments have produced evidence to suggest that dopamine plays a role in the development of Schizophrenia (Howes, McCutcheon, & Stone, 2015). Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is produced in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental regions of the brain. The belief that dopamine was involved in Schizophrenia arose after multiple studies performed with compounds produced an increase in extracellular concentrations of dopamine (Lieberman, Kane, & Alvir, 1987). The patients that were administered these compounds had similar symptoms to those observed from patients who were diagnosed with Schizophrenia (Lieberman et al., 1987).

In 2014, Kalayasiri, R., Verachai, V., Gelernter, J., Mutirangura, A., & Malison, R. conducted a study of the relationship between methamphetamine use and paranoia. Methamphetamine is one of the drugs that can cause addiction very easily. "Among methamphetamine-dependent individuals, paranoia appears to occur increasingly rapidly in a course of a session of methamphetamine use" (Kalayasiri et al., 2014, p. 965). Kalayasiri et al., (2014) calls this type of paranoia "methamphetamine-induced paranoia (Kalayasiri et al., p. 965). Methamphetamine is a stimulant that changes the functions of some neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, making it more available in the body; this leads to symptoms of paranoia (Kalayasari, et al., 2014, p.965).

There were many civilizations that were flourishing pre-/post the middle ages. One of the most recognized ones is the society of the Ancient Romans. For the purpose of a social-political example, the Ancient Romans derived from many different cultures. According to the textbook, the Etruscans were the first people known to have been living in Italy (Benton et al 129). In addition, from these small empires and the assimilation of many cultures, came the Roman Republic and from that, the influences in the Roman Empire. Under those circumstances, there are various details that led to the Roman Republic and its height of the Empire. According to the textbook, there were two classes: the patricians and the plebeians; the patricians are described as “the land-owning aristocrats who served as priests and magistrates etc.” and were the

Neurotransmitters in the brain can give researchers insight as to why people feel the way they do. Dopamine, for example, is the neurotransmitter associated with satisfaction. Activities such as watching your favorite TV show or eating your favorite food can cause the release of dopamine in the brain. Moreover, dopamine can act as a stimulant to increase communication between neurons and widen the brain’s range of effects. (Hillman). A study by Dr. Fredrik Ullen, of the Karolinska Institute, examined the dopamine receptors in “highly creative types” and found that their dopamine systems highly resemble those of people who suffer from schizophrenia. In both cases, there is a low density of dopamine receptors in the thalamus, which acts as a

1. Chapter 4 “The First Two Years: The Social World” section “Emotional Development” discusses the significance of variety of early emotions that humans have the experience in their life. The most common and basic forms of emotions that infants present as their age is pain and pleasure. Throughout their life, they develop mentally and physically, as well as learning more emotions that enable them to show expressions, reactions, and reasons that trigger those reactions (Berger, 130) During toddlerhood, between the ages of two and up, emotions are strengthened, for example, toddlers’ laughter and cries are more apparent and amplified. Together with their anger and fear becoming less frequent but directed towards experiences that are terrifying and infuriating. In addition, toddlers often have temper tantrums, “when something angers them, they might yell, scream, cry, hit, and throw themselves on the floor” (Berger, 130) Toddlers’ temper tantrums can even cause more tantrums or worsen the situation if a response from an adult or is negative, like out of anger or teasing the child.