The Chocolate Affair. By: Adam Duran. . Psy 325 Statistics

From the above output, we can see that the p-value is 0.000186, which is smaller than 0.05 (if we select a 0.05 significance level).

Because the p-value of .035 is less than the significance level of .05, I will reject the null hypothesis at 5% level.

Data that is statistically significant helps us to understand whether there is a relationship within the null hypothesis. T statistical significant results showed that the participants who consumed caffeine performed worse than participants who did not was less than 5% (p < .05). This means for the author to determine whether a test is significant it must be less than .05, which is the significance level. The P value (probability value) is defined as the probability of obtaining a result equal to or "more extreme" than what was observed (Wikipedia). A p-value helps determine the significance

The null hypothesis is rejected since the p-value is below the significance level of 0.05.

When you perform a test of hypothesis, you must always use the 4-step approach: i. S1:the “Null” and “Alternate” hypotheses, ii. S2: calculate value of the test statistic, iii. S3: the level of significance and the critical value of the statistic, iv. S4: your decision rule and the conclusion reached in not rejecting or rejecting the null hypothesis. When asked to calculate p–value, S5, relate the p-value to the level of significance in reaching your conclusion.

In this study, t= -3.15 describes the mental health variable. It is significant because they are the variables being tested since the p value is 0.002 and the alpha is 0.05, the difference can cause the null hypothesis to be rejected.

This test is a bit more complicated, in particular because the degrees of freedom are calculated from a much more complicated formula. Statistical software packages will handle this part for you under normal circumstances, but if you need to have the formula, here it

Note: the program we used on this worksheet said the results were not significant, but then in statistical notion it had “p < 0.05”. That is confusing because I believe it should be “p >

An alpha level of 0.05 is arbitrary and was set as a standard by scientists. One of the key concepts in hypothesis testing is that of significance level or, the alpha level, which specifies the probability level for the evidence to be an unreasonable estimate. Unreasonable means that the estimate should not have taken its particular value unless some non-chance factor(s) had operated to alter the nature of the sample such that it was no longer representative of the population of interest. (Price, 2000)

Since the p-value of 0.6943 is greater than 0.05, the data is said to be statistically significant. This means the null hypothesis is not rejected and the observed values meet the expected values.

P-value represents a decimal between 1.0 to below .01. Unfortunately, the level of commonly accepted p-value is 0.05. The level of frequency of P>0.05 means that there is one in twenty chance that the whole study is just accidental. In other words, that there is one in twenty chance that a result may be positive in spite of having no actual relationship. This value is an estimate of the probability that the result has occurred by statistical accident. Thus, a small value of P represents a high level of statistical significance and vice

To test the null hypothesis, if the P-Value of the test is less than 0.05 I will reject the null hypothesis.

With a P-value of 0.00, we have a strong level of significance. No additional information is needed to ensure that the data given is accurate.

The second step is defining the significance level, determining the degrees of freedom and finding the critical value. The a-level shows that for a result to be statistically significant, it cannot occur more than the a-level percentage of time by chance. The critical value can be obtained by using the t-test table. The degrees of freedom is

s squared subscript p=(n1-1)s squared2 subscript1+(n2-1)s squared2 subscript2]/n1+n2-2. The numerator of the function, n1+n2-2, is the degrees of freedom.