The City Of Karratha Region Of North East Western Australia

The process of urbanisation is a central feature of Australian history. By 1900 over two-thirds of Australians were living in areas that were classified as urban. The growth of these cities was encouraged by various factors; the interaction and engagement of economic, demographic, political and social characteristics are definitely the key features that promoted the urbanisation of Australia. However, with the development of Australia came problems that people living in cities had to face. Environmental and health difficulties were to be over come in the city suburbs while economic depression followed after a period of prosperity and progress.

When considering excavation methods, the location of the site has to be taken into account, as many archaeological methodologies can cause long-term damage to the site. So considering conservation strategies and methods is crucial. This directly applies to New Kinord, as the

Mesa Verde National Park on the Colorado Plateau contains many geological aspects of interest, including its sedimentary rock layers, its canyons, its alcoves utilized by ancient people and how these alcoves were formed. Mesa Verde National Park is located in the southwest corner of Colorado, close to the Four Corners area, on top of a high mesa overlooking the Mancos River (Harris et al. 2004). The park, covering 81 square miles, consists of several main sedimentary formations that are characteristic to the park (Encyclopedia Britannica 2015). Canyons are carved into the sedimentary rock, with the cave dwellings found high on their steep walls. These dwellings are an especially unique aspect to the Mesa Verde National Park, and are built out of large alcoves. The alcoves were produced by weathering and erosion of the sedimentary rock type. To better understand how these alcoves formed, we must understand the geology of Mesa Verde National Park and how it has developed over history.

The areas of investigation were focused to the west of Douglass battery, chosen based on an 1804 watercolour painting by Edward Walsh (see figure 1). In the painting, three buildings are observed in the background, which prompted the survey of the suspected area. A grid was set up in the area with flags being placed at an interval of five meters. These intervals were test pitted down to the subsoil and the contents screened through mesh. The test pits, which revealed building material, were used to co-ordinate three different areas that would be excavated. Units were placed within each of these three spaces, laid in a way to maximize the area that would be covered. Areas one and three were supervised by teaching assistants Katie Anderson and Duncan Williams, while area two was under the supervision of Dr. John Trigs. All soil that was removed was screened through wire mesh and artifacts were placed in plastics bags with the provenience labeled on the front. The season lasted six weeks, beginning from May 11th, to June 5th 2015. At the end of the season, all units were backfilled with soil, with plastics sheets being placed in specific units to protect features.

The Pecos river is an amazing kayaking trip that really puts the individual in the center of nature. It is roughly 900 miles long and is “one of the major tributaries of the Rio Grande (Pecos).” The Pecos River was home to the Pecos Pueblo Indians and they left behind a variety of different artwork (Pecos). These pieces of art range from pots to pictographs and petroglyphs that can be located in a variety of places along the river. However, there has been an increase in human activity that has caused some of the pieces of artwork to be damaged or fully destroyed. One of the most popular places to find petroglyphs is along the Lewis Canyon. There are roughly thousands of petroglyphs that the ancient Indian tribes would carve into the stone but, since the rise in the human levels, I have noticed people trying to impersonate some of these images and also leave trash around that area. Therefore, I believe that it would be best to have someone go out there every week to pick up the trash and to also look after this place because there is history that surrounds the Pecos River.

The Ngarrindjeri nation arrays across the South East section of South Australia; as seen in Figure 1.

The mining has become a controversial topic due to the mass publicity regarding the potential danger of nuclear power and uranium mining, not to mention the objections by some Indigenous groups. The controversy is significant

Rock suitable for the production of stone tools is fOW1don every mountain range, and in creek beds as cobbles and pebbles. Two surveys have been conducted in the area. Horned Toad Consultants conducted extensive judgemental surveys during initial impact assessment, concentrating on the grasslands of the Little Bison valley, two arbitrarily chosen tributary valleys (Cripple Creek and Silver Creek), one cirque (below Smith Peak) and the Inverness Plateau. Four site types were defined. Camp sites contain a wide range of artifact types and fire broken rock. Kill sites contain a restricted range of artifacts (mainly projectile points) and large quantities of bone. Lithic scatters are small sites with no diagnostic artifacts. Quarries have large quantities of debitage, usually associated with shallow pits dug into bedrock. The distribution of sites and diagnostic artifacts is shown in Figure 8.1. Recently R. Bootheel undertook a survey of the area using random sampling techniques. Although her M.A. thesis is still being written, she has commented on the previous survey as follows:

The geographic region of Mesa Verde captivates me because of its sheer concentration of archeological sites in an area, and the plethora of cliff dwellings found in this region of Colorado. Mesa Verde, a place ancestral Puebloan people called home for hundreds of years from 500 A.D. to the 13th century, is situated on Colorado’s diverse landscape, which consists of 4,400 archaeological sites and 600 cliff dwellings (Smith, 7). Mesa Verde National Park was officially established in the early 1900’s by Theodore Roosevelt in hopes of protecting history and preserving human culture. Since then it has been a site for thousands of archaeologists to dig in to. Before Mesa Verde was receiving the attention it gets today archeologists Bob Lister,

9). Serpent Mound is well documented and has peaked archaeologist and other researchers interest for a long time, the first excavation dates back to Putnam in the 1890s (Herrmann and others 2014, p. 117). However, the age of construction for Serpent Mound has been a point of contestation for researchers. Researchers propose two time periods for construction, either Adena (~2,300 years ago) or Fort Ancient (~900 years ago) (Herrmann 2014, p. 119). Recently published work, as of 2017, done by Romain and others have provided strong evidence for Adena construction, radio carbon dates from GeoProbe core samples, LiDAR analyses, and electrical resistivity ground imaging surveys support their hypothesis (2017). Despite of initial construction of Serpent Mound, Hermann and Others do not deny that later Fort Ancient and other cultural groups occupied the site, making the site multi-occupational (2014,

The planet that we reside on has a long, enduring history. Today, remnants can still be found that tell the history of the land, and of its inhabitants; many of these remnants, however, have been destroyed over time. The Bamiyan Valley in Afghanistan has a rich and complicated history that continues up to the present day. The residents of Bamiyan live neighboring a wall of cliffs, speckled with caves. Bordering the city on each side, two abandoned niches are carved into the cliff face, each towering over 100 meters. These great niches once held two Buddha statues that looked out over the Bamiyan Valley, but now stand empty. Once a witness to the history of the area, these Buddhas were destroyed in 2001 when the Taliban, a terrorist group, destroyed them due to their religious imagery.

However, there if there is something good there has to be a bad part as well. Even though mining is helping the technologies to grow rapidly everyday, there are side affects caused to the people live near mining areas, especially indigenous people, given that a substantial number of mining operations are on or near Indigenous land, the increase in mining investment may have extremely affected Indigenous communities. There are concerns that, in remote mining areas, the increases in house costs generated by the mining boom mean that anyone who doesn’t work in the mining industry, especially those who are 100% relied on government benefits, will find it harder to afford housing. It will not affect the current generation; however, it will have a huge impact on the future generation. For example, parents wont be able to afford money for their children to go to school, which will result in, kids started working as child labours or slaves and people will find it hard to afford foods and

One of Australia’s oldest Aboriginal archaeological sites is Nauwalabila, which is in the Kakadu National Park in the Northern Territory. The actual site is around 200 kilometers east of Darwin. There have been many discoveries at this site. Caves here show evidence that Aboriginal people as shelters. Archeologists have also found stone tools and ochre, which were found 3m below the ground. It is likely that the ochre was used for rock or body art.

This report had been prepared requested by the Board. The content of this report concentrated on evaluating the performance of Iron Ore Mining and providing a recommendation of any potential financial justified growth strategies for the next strategic planning horizon (3 years).

* Iron Ore Company of Ontario is working in the business field of processing iron ore.