The 1960s were unmistakably some of the tensest times for race relations in American history. During these times, the Civil Rights movement was at its peak. This was an era that saw Blacks in America truly begin to demand equal rights, doing so by organizing across the country in efforts to pressure government officials to implement progressive legislation. Through a collaborative effort with Dr. Martin Luther King, President Kennedy crafted his 1961 Executive Order 10925—Establishing The President’s Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity—which first coined the term “affirmative action” with regards to discrimination. The order focused on eradicating discrimination within government employment by creating the President’s Committee on …show more content…
Throughout this paper, it will be demonstrated that the cause of affirmative action and the legal journey that it has taken throughout the course of history in the United States is an example which illustrates cause lawyering, particularly exemplifying the framework of such as laid down by Austin Sarat and Stuart Scheingold. Cause lawyering, according to Sarat and Scheingold, “is frequently directed at altering some aspect of the social, economic, and political status quo.” Here, the status quo in the case of affirmative action might be considered the common interpretation of the fourteenth amendment of the constitution. One cannot effectively contextualize affirmative action without addressing the role that the fourteenth amendment has come to play. This famous Reconstruction amendment is a direct result of the American Civil War. Congress officially passed the amendment in 1868 in order to guarantee and protect the newly recognized civil rights and liberties of Blacks. The amendment granted citizenship to former slaves, while also declaring “nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or protection, without due process of the law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws”. The Equal Protection Clause guarantees that the laws set forth in the constitution will apply to all citizens of the United States regardless of their race or ethnicity. In essence, the fourteenth amendment is thought to set the legal
Affirmative action is the set of public policies and initiatives designed to help eliminate past and present discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. This "set of public policies" has had quite a history beginning with the Thirteenth Amendment, which made slavery illegal. The Thirteenth Amendment was followed by the Fourteenth, that guarantees equal protection under the law. The Fifteenth Amendment brought up the rear, which forbids racial discrimination in access to voting. When affirmative action was set into place during the 1960's it was needed and very necessary. Although in history the need for affirmative action is obvious, it has reached the point where
Civil rights was an important American issue through the late 40s through the 60s. During this time period Baseball was “America’s Pastime, “and a major social get together for white Americans. However in 1947 both of these event were combined when the Brooklyn Dodgers gave Jackie Robinson a chance to play professional baseball. Jackie Robinson is the target of my biography. Robinson not only was the first African American baseball player, but he also had a hall of fame career, and eventually had his number retired by all of Major League Baseball. It is important to know about him because he helped accelerate the civil rights movement in America. Although his entrance was brutal with the abuse he received and the obscenities that were yelled at him. He helped the transition to not only make African Americans accepted in professional sports, but also to help the acceptance of African Americans in the civil rights movement.
As discussed previously, JFK started awareness for Civil Rights, his actions in Birmingham, coupled with the media coverage; however, it was LBJ’s ability to use his connections in congress to pass laws that changed the face of voting and civil right throughout the United States. As far as the leadership at the Grass roots level Dr. Martin Luther King is the most famous, due to the nonviolent protests and boycotts; however Rosa Parks, Aurelia Browder, and Louise Keys, were the catalysis for the grass roots movement. Although not much is mentioned of these individuals. President’s Eisenhower, JFK and LBJ along with the sitting justices on the Supreme Court share credit on the national level. Firstly the Presidents by supporting Supreme Court decisions, calling congress to pass laws, and taking action when States clearly chose to disregard the law, and the Courts by applying the intent of the Constitution and declaring laws unjust while supporting unpopular laws because the met the intent of the Constitution. I don’t believe that one person alone mattered the most, the nonviolent protest by Dr. Martin Luther King coupled by his speech on the steps of the Lincoln memorial were very powerful, but without action by the courts, the leaders in congress and the Presidency. However, the media played a large part in how the American public viewed civil rights, when images of dogs attacking nonviolent protesters, people beaten and killed because of color changes the view of right and
The Civil Rights Movement had several pros however there are cons to every situation. The suffering of people were cured by the medicine of the great personality that still stand as the role model of the world, Martin Luther King Jr. He cured the people with the speeches they delivered and the letters they wrote. The letters and speeches delivered during this movement had been very inspirational in which it made more people want to become a part of this immense movement. Martin Luther King Jr. was very inspirational but had different ways to handle things than other civil rights movement leaders. MLK Jr. was a very big contributor to the Civil Rights Movement but he said everything through “The Letter from Birmingham”. The Civil rights Movement
When I’m volunteering to serve food I don’t think of the fact that this person may be homeless or jobless, but simply that they need food and I am there to provide it. At work, we are given report on what the patient needs for his or her care, other than that I try to make their experience as positive as I can. Nothing is stated about their race, religion, or other superficial characteristics unless it is necessary to provide better care. My ability to perform my job and volunteer endeavors well is not subjective to ones appearance. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr believed that all humans are created equal and I try to embody that in my every day life. Society has come a long way in regards to social justice, but still has a long way to go.
During the 1950’s and 1960’s there were major changes in civil rights taking place within the United States. In 1964 Congress passed the Civil Rights Act, which sought to create equal opportunity for minority groups in the nation and eliminate discrimination. Shortly thereafter, “the goal of the civil rights movement shifted from the traditional aim of equality of opportunity through nondiscrimination alone to affirmative action to establish ‘goals and timetables’ to achieve absolute equality between blacks and whites” (Dye 253). These goals and timetables were cemented with Executive Order No. 11246, issued by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965. This order is commonly referred to as the foundation for modern-day
“Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968) was a Baptist minister and social activist who played a key role in the American Civil rights movement from the mid-1950s until his assassination in 1968”(“Martin Luther King Jr.”). For many years people have celebrated a day known as “Martin Luther King Day” in honor of a man who stood up for his beliefs and stood up for his race (“Martin Luther King Jr.”). Many observe the third Monday of January as a regular day, while others observe it as a day to remember a man who changed America. But how did Martin Luther King contribute to the civil rights movement and what was the result of his actions? Of the prominent civil rights leaders of his time, Martin Luther King (MLK) was the most influential.
"Martin Luther King Jr." Biography.com. A&E Networks Television, 05 Jan. 2017. Web. 22 Mar. 2017.
In the midst of crippling segregation of the African American population, there were many activists that paved way through these inequalities. Looking back on the United States’ history, there were many events that bring shame. One major aspect that brings embarrassment to the United States is slavery. However, even when it was abolished one hundred years prior, the African American population was still subject to severe inequities, even today. It was from the help of those like Martin Luther King Jr and the Black Panther Party that had an immense impact on advances for the African American community.
Carson and Shepard looks to how Martin Luther King Jr. developed his cause during the Civil Rights Movement by editing a landmark of famous speeches given by Dr. King himself. Although this book was merely just to inform audiences who desired to relive Dr. King’s inspirational words. Carson and Shepard also dig dipper into releasing firsthand testimony accounts into what triggered the idea to come up with these memorable speeches. Throughout most of the speeches that were presented within the book, Dr. King, focused on the importance of being Christian and the Jesus teachings. These teachings coerced with the idea of advocating a non-violent protest to push his cause. The authors also discuss the I have a Dream speech and how he points out
Discrimination is a prejudiced act according to Webster's II New College Dictionary. In 1868, the fourteenth amendment to the Constitution was ratified; it freed the slaves, and in 1870, African Americans were given the right to vote. In 1920, women were given the right to vote with the nineteenth amendment (U.S. Constitution). These were the first steps in making the United States of America a free and equal country. Unfortunately, the fact that women and minorities were allowed to vote and were considered citizens by the government was not enough for them to be accepted into the workforce. The leading parties both agreed that in order to end discrimination in the United States certain "remedies" needed to be developed. The "remedies" were court orders as found in a review by Stephanopoulos and Edley "one qualified black trooper or support person applicant for each white hired until 25 percent of the force was comprised of blacks." This was the beginning of affirmative action. Employers had to hire according to race, giving each minority group a percentage they had to have working for them.
Michael King was an amazing Civil Rights movement leader. At a young age he knew racism was not only bad against his race, but was against God’s will. He was raised with the church background of The Dexter Avenue Baptist Church of Montgomery. Martin Luther King Jr. believed everyone was equal, he fought for African American rights, and spoke for equality until the end.
African Americans were fighting for freedom for centuries. They were treated very badly and they had supposedly going to have a better way of life after WWII. Keep reading to find out how African Americans struggled for equality in voting and the opportunity for a good quality education.
On Monday, May 16, 2004, our teacher, Mrs. Shugar told us to write an essay about whoever was involved in the Civil Rights Movement. She then ran to her desk and grabbed a stack of papers. She gave everyone a piece of paper, it was a list of people who did some amazing things during the Civil Rights Movement. I immediately started to scroll down the list and stop at a name that made my heart skip a beat. I stopped at the name Ida B. Wells. I didn’t know why but there was something about her, so I looked her up. She led an anti-lynching group during the Civil Rights Movement. I needed to know more about her, so I took my dad’s new time lapse machine and jumped back to the year 1980.
Today affirmative action becomes one of the most controversial subjects in the country, with as many supporters claiming it is equality, fairness, diversity, while opponents claim it is pure reverse discrimination. Proponent of affirmative action state it is needed for diversity in the work place, in our universities but those who oppose called it preference. In this paper, I will explore affirmative action, does it only benefit minorities (African Americans) or all races. Does affirmative action cause complex issues such as discrimination? Was there a significant increase in enrollment for minorities after Affirmative