The Class About Benedict Spinoza 's Ethics

Every individual is different in a specific way. Like people, substances have unique qualities, such as properties, which aid chemists to differentiate and identify the particular components the substances consists of. These particular qualities are identified as either physical or chemical properties. Physical properties are properties which do not require a chemical change of its composition in order for the substance to be classified. A few examples of physical properties include color, density, odor, boiling point, melting

The composition of a pure substance is constant, and thus pure substances have characteristic physical properties that do not change and this is why we are able to separate each element in this lab experiment. Examples of physical properties that can be used to describe pure substances include solubility, conductivity, magnetism, density, boiling point, and melting point.

Throughout the history of metaphysics the question, What is? has always been answered in an incomplete,unsatisfactory or complicated manner, but Spinoza tried to answer this question in an exceptional way simply by describing God and His essence. Based on Spinoza’s views, God’s qualities can be referred to as attributes and modes are merely affections of a substance. This paper will provide a detailed view of Spinoza’s key ontological definition of God as the only substance, his attributes, and their co-relations. The study goes further to explore the major scholarly argument between Spinoza and Descartes, in regard to their view of substance, and its attributes.

The first supporting argument which I will present to support substance dualism is Divisibility. In earlier writings, Descartes divides the objects of our perception into two main classifications: mental substances pertaining to the mind and physical substances pertaining to the body (Alanen, L., 1996). Any substance with mental properties has an absence of physical properties and any substance with physical properties has an absence of mental properties (Rodriguez Pereyra, G., 2008).

1. The cosmos is composed solely of matter, but to human beings reality appears in two forms – subjective and objective.

Firstly in the second meditation, Descartes provides reasoning that the mind and body are two clearly distinct substances,

This essay assesses property dualism, a theory of mind. It proclaims the existence of a single, physical substance (unlike Cartesian dualism), but argues that this single substance has two potential properties: physical and mental states that are not reducible.

Substance dualism is a never ending argument in the Philosophy world as it’s been going on for decades. It is the view that the universe contains two important types of entity which is mental and material. The structure of this paper is that four main argument leads to one conclusion. Firstly, I’ll argue about Descartes’s ‘separability argument’ which stands as the definition of Substance Dualism. Secondly, I’ll argue that mental and physical have different and perhaps irreconcilable properties. An argument is not complete without a counter argument which in this case the “pairing” problem that exists in Descartes theory is highlighted and where is the interaction of material and immaterial takes

Books Zeta, Eta and Theta, together form the central part of the Metaphysics, with a focus on their general topic ‘substance’: its classification and relation to matter and forms, to actuality and

An Argument for Interactionist Dualism in Contrast to Property Dualism This philosophy study will define the importance of interactionist substance dualism as a form of dualism that makes the most appealing argument against property dualism. The polarization of substance and property dualism typically defines a separation of physical and mental states. In this context, the function of separating mental states from the physical states illustrates a complete disconnect in the strict terms of substance dualism. In contrast to this, property dualism finds that there are only physical states, but that there can only be non-physical properties of physical substances. In both cases, the disconnect of the mind/body relationships has been reduced to abstracted mental states or a division between the mind and the body.

There are two main theories that make up the knowledge argument. The first is Physicalism, (or better known as materialism) which is the thesis that “All facts are dependent upon physical processes.”(Smart) The other main stance taken is property dualism. The thesis of property dualism states that there are “Non-physical properties of physical substances” (Calef) or that there are physical and mental properties. In this article, I will defend the stance of property dualism by acknowledging objections and replying to these objections to show why the argument for property dualism works.

God however, is a substance that is not finite; God is of the highest level of reality, an infinite substance. There are three levels of reality with properties or modes at the lowest, finite substances such as humans in the middle and an infinite substance, i.e. God as the highest (Thompson, 30).

In addition, nothing can hold one down, something is always there to hold one up, and always lift one up. Also, comparing Pecola to a bird and the way she sometimes looked like a bird. Everything in the world can and will sometime be compared another object.

His notion that God is the only substance, the core of his monism, hinges on his definition of God/Nature:

A: Anaximander theory about the different substances explains how he believes that they came from more simple form that just water. He thought the basic substance must be ageless, boundless and indeterminate. He knew things were made from smaller particles that we were not visible. His interest in the fundamental substance that constitutes everything or in determining what the most important feature of reality was. He though what happen in the universe came from natural powers and processes for example how the seasons changed from heat,cold,wetness,dryness it all alternate to create our seasons.